{"id":425,"date":"2026-09-18T09:48:11","date_gmt":"2026-09-18T09:48:11","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/vipulhvacsolution.in\/blog\/?p=425"},"modified":"2026-09-21T12:27:24","modified_gmt":"2026-09-21T12:27:24","slug":"chiller-capacity-calculation","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/vipulhvacsolution.in\/blog\/chiller-capacity-calculation\/","title":{"rendered":"Chiller Capacity Calculation"},"content":{"rendered":"<div id=\"ez-toc-container\" class=\"ez-toc-v2_0_88 counter-hierarchy ez-toc-counter ez-toc-grey ez-toc-container-direction\">\n<div class=\"ez-toc-title-container\">\n<p class=\"ez-toc-title\" style=\"cursor:inherit\">Table of Contents<\/p>\n<span class=\"ez-toc-title-toggle\"><a href=\"#\" class=\"ez-toc-pull-right ez-toc-btn ez-toc-btn-xs ez-toc-btn-default ez-toc-toggle\" aria-label=\"Toggle Table of Content\"><span class=\"ez-toc-js-icon-con\"><span class=\"\"><span class=\"eztoc-hide\" style=\"display:none;\">Toggle<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-icon-toggle-span\"><svg style=\"fill: #999;color:#999\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" class=\"list-377408\" width=\"20px\" height=\"20px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\"><path d=\"M6 6H4v2h2V6zm14 0H8v2h12V6zM4 11h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2zM4 16h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2z\" fill=\"currentColor\"><\/path><\/svg><svg style=\"fill: #999;color:#999\" class=\"arrow-unsorted-368013\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"10px\" height=\"10px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" version=\"1.2\" baseProfile=\"tiny\"><path d=\"M18.2 9.3l-6.2-6.3-6.2 6.3c-.2.2-.3.4-.3.7s.1.5.3.7c.2.2.4.3.7.3h11c.3 0 .5-.1.7-.3.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7zM5.8 14.7l6.2 6.3 6.2-6.3c.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7c-.2-.2-.4-.3-.7-.3h-11c-.3 0-.5.1-.7.3-.2.2-.3.5-.3.7s.1.5.3.7z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a><\/span><\/div>\n<nav><ul class='ez-toc-list ez-toc-list-level-1 ' ><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-1\" href=\"https:\/\/vipulhvacsolution.in\/blog\/chiller-capacity-calculation\/#Chiller_Capacity_Calculation_Complete_Guide_to_TR_kW_Flow_Cooling_Load\" >Chiller Capacity Calculation: Complete Guide to TR, kW, Flow &amp; Cooling Load<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-2\" href=\"https:\/\/vipulhvacsolution.in\/blog\/chiller-capacity-calculation\/#What_Is_Chiller_Capacity\" >What Is Chiller Capacity?<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-3\" href=\"https:\/\/vipulhvacsolution.in\/blog\/chiller-capacity-calculation\/#Why_Is_Chiller_Capacity_Calculation_Important\" >Why Is Chiller Capacity Calculation Important?<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-4\" href=\"https:\/\/vipulhvacsolution.in\/blog\/chiller-capacity-calculation\/#Chiller_Capacity_Calculation_Basic_Formula\" >Chiller Capacity Calculation: Basic Formula<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-5\" href=\"https:\/\/vipulhvacsolution.in\/blog\/chiller-capacity-calculation\/#Chiller_Capacity_Calculation_Example\" >Chiller Capacity Calculation Example<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-6\" href=\"https:\/\/vipulhvacsolution.in\/blog\/chiller-capacity-calculation\/#Chiller_Capacity_Formula_in_SI_Units\" >Chiller Capacity Formula in SI Units<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-7\" href=\"https:\/\/vipulhvacsolution.in\/blog\/chiller-capacity-calculation\/#Chiller_Capacity_Calculation_in_GPM\" >Chiller Capacity Calculation in GPM<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-8\" href=\"https:\/\/vipulhvacsolution.in\/blog\/chiller-capacity-calculation\/#What_Is_%CE%94T_in_Chiller_Capacity_Calculation\" >What Is \u0394T in Chiller Capacity Calculation?<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-9\" href=\"https:\/\/vipulhvacsolution.in\/blog\/chiller-capacity-calculation\/#Why_7%C2%B0C_12%C2%B0C_Is_Commonly_Discussed\" >Why 7\u00b0C \/ 12\u00b0C Is Commonly Discussed<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-10\" href=\"https:\/\/vipulhvacsolution.in\/blog\/chiller-capacity-calculation\/#How_to_Calculate_Chiller_Capacity_From_Building_Cooling_Load\" >How to Calculate Chiller Capacity From Building Cooling Load<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-11\" href=\"https:\/\/vipulhvacsolution.in\/blog\/chiller-capacity-calculation\/#Building_Cooling_Load_Example\" >Building Cooling Load Example<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-12\" href=\"https:\/\/vipulhvacsolution.in\/blog\/chiller-capacity-calculation\/#Chiller_Capacity_Calculation_for_Industrial_Applications\" >Chiller Capacity Calculation for Industrial Applications<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-13\" href=\"https:\/\/vipulhvacsolution.in\/blog\/chiller-capacity-calculation\/#Industrial_Chiller_Capacity_Formula\" >Industrial Chiller Capacity Formula<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-14\" href=\"https:\/\/vipulhvacsolution.in\/blog\/chiller-capacity-calculation\/#Chiller_Capacity_Calculation_for_Glycol\" >Chiller Capacity Calculation for Glycol<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-15\" href=\"https:\/\/vipulhvacsolution.in\/blog\/chiller-capacity-calculation\/#How_Many_TR_Chiller_Do_I_Need\" >How Many TR Chiller Do I Need?<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-16\" href=\"https:\/\/vipulhvacsolution.in\/blog\/chiller-capacity-calculation\/#Chiller_Capacity_vs_Electrical_Power\" >Chiller Capacity vs Electrical Power<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-17\" href=\"https:\/\/vipulhvacsolution.in\/blog\/chiller-capacity-calculation\/#Why_Part-Load_Performance_Matters\" >Why Part-Load Performance Matters<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-18\" href=\"https:\/\/vipulhvacsolution.in\/blog\/chiller-capacity-calculation\/#Should_You_Add_a_Safety_Factor_to_Chiller_Capacity\" >Should You Add a Safety Factor to Chiller Capacity?<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-19\" href=\"https:\/\/vipulhvacsolution.in\/blog\/chiller-capacity-calculation\/#Chiller_Plant_Capacity_vs_Individual_Chiller_Capacity\" >Chiller Plant Capacity vs Individual Chiller Capacity<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-20\" href=\"https:\/\/vipulhvacsolution.in\/blog\/chiller-capacity-calculation\/#N1_Chiller_Capacity\" >N+1 Chiller Capacity<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-21\" href=\"https:\/\/vipulhvacsolution.in\/blog\/chiller-capacity-calculation\/#Chiller_Capacity_Calculation_for_Hospitals\" >Chiller Capacity Calculation for Hospitals<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-22\" href=\"https:\/\/vipulhvacsolution.in\/blog\/chiller-capacity-calculation\/#Chiller_Capacity_Calculation_for_Data_Centers\" >Chiller Capacity Calculation for Data Centers<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-23\" href=\"https:\/\/vipulhvacsolution.in\/blog\/chiller-capacity-calculation\/#Air-Cooled_vs_Water-Cooled_Chiller_Capacity_Calculation\" >Air-Cooled vs Water-Cooled Chiller Capacity Calculation<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-24\" href=\"https:\/\/vipulhvacsolution.in\/blog\/chiller-capacity-calculation\/#Chiller_Capacity_Calculation_and_Chilled-Water_Flow\" >Chiller Capacity Calculation and Chilled-Water Flow<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-25\" href=\"https:\/\/vipulhvacsolution.in\/blog\/chiller-capacity-calculation\/#Why_Chiller_%CE%94T_Is_Important\" >Why Chiller \u0394T Is Important<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-26\" href=\"https:\/\/vipulhvacsolution.in\/blog\/chiller-capacity-calculation\/#Chiller_Capacity_Calculation_Mistakes_to_Avoid\" >Chiller Capacity Calculation Mistakes to Avoid<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-27\" href=\"https:\/\/vipulhvacsolution.in\/blog\/chiller-capacity-calculation\/#Chiller_Capacity_Calculation_Step-by-Step_Process\" >Chiller Capacity Calculation: Step-by-Step Process<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-28\" href=\"https:\/\/vipulhvacsolution.in\/blog\/chiller-capacity-calculation\/#What_Information_Is_Needed_for_Chiller_Capacity_Calculation\" >What Information Is Needed for Chiller Capacity Calculation?<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-29\" href=\"https:\/\/vipulhvacsolution.in\/blog\/chiller-capacity-calculation\/#Chiller_Capacity_Calculator_Formula\" >Chiller Capacity Calculator Formula<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-30\" href=\"https:\/\/vipulhvacsolution.in\/blog\/chiller-capacity-calculation\/#Example_Chiller_Capacity_Calculator\" >Example: Chiller Capacity Calculator<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-31\" href=\"https:\/\/vipulhvacsolution.in\/blog\/chiller-capacity-calculation\/#Chiller_Capacity_and_Future_Expansion\" >Chiller Capacity and Future Expansion<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-32\" href=\"https:\/\/vipulhvacsolution.in\/blog\/chiller-capacity-calculation\/#VIPUL_HVAC_Chiller_Capacity_Calculation_Design\" >VIPUL HVAC Chiller Capacity Calculation &amp; Design<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-33\" href=\"https:\/\/vipulhvacsolution.in\/blog\/chiller-capacity-calculation\/#Why_Choose_VIPUL_HVAC_for_Chiller_Projects\" >Why Choose VIPUL HVAC for Chiller Projects?<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-34\" href=\"https:\/\/vipulhvacsolution.in\/blog\/chiller-capacity-calculation\/#Frequently_Asked_Questions\" >Frequently Asked Questions<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-35\" href=\"https:\/\/vipulhvacsolution.in\/blog\/chiller-capacity-calculation\/#Final_Conclusion\" >Final Conclusion<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/nav><\/div>\n<h2 class=\"PDq2pG_selectionAnchorContainer\" dir=\"auto\" data-section-id=\"1vxhtdn\" data-start=\"0\" data-end=\"77\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Chiller_Capacity_Calculation_Complete_Guide_to_TR_kW_Flow_Cooling_Load\"><\/span>Chiller Capacity Calculation: Complete Guide to TR, kW, Flow &amp; Cooling Load<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p dir=\"auto\" data-start=\"79\" data-end=\"277\"><strong data-start=\"79\" data-end=\"277\">Chiller capacity calculation is the process of determining how much cooling a chiller must provide to meet a building, process or industrial cooling load under the required operating conditions.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p dir=\"auto\" data-start=\"279\" data-end=\"305\"><strong>The basic relationship is:<\/strong><\/p>\n<blockquote data-start=\"307\" data-end=\"402\">\n<p dir=\"auto\" data-start=\"309\" data-end=\"402\"><strong data-start=\"309\" data-end=\"402\">Chiller Capacity (kW) = Chilled-Water Mass Flow (kg\/s) \u00d7 Specific Heat \u00d7 Chilled-Water \u0394T<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<p dir=\"auto\" data-start=\"404\" data-end=\"408\"><strong>And:<\/strong><\/p>\n<blockquote data-start=\"410\" data-end=\"442\">\n<p dir=\"auto\" data-start=\"412\" data-end=\"442\"><strong data-start=\"412\" data-end=\"442\">1 TR \u2248 3.517 kW of cooling<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<p dir=\"auto\" data-start=\"444\" data-end=\"870\">However, selecting a chiller is <strong data-start=\"476\" data-end=\"545\">not simply a matter of dividing building area by a fixed TR value<\/strong>. A proper calculation should consider cooling load, chilled-water flow, supply\/return temperatures, occupancy, solar gain, equipment loads, ventilation, process heat, operating schedules and future requirements. VIPUL HVAC also emphasizes cooling-load analysis before chiller selection.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<hr data-start=\"1515\" data-end=\"1518\" \/>\n<h2 dir=\"auto\" data-section-id=\"10iiszs\" data-start=\"1520\" data-end=\"1547\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"What_Is_Chiller_Capacity\"><\/span>What Is Chiller Capacity?<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p dir=\"auto\" data-start=\"1549\" data-end=\"1660\">Chiller capacity is the amount of <strong data-start=\"1583\" data-end=\"1659\">heat that a chiller can remove from a cooling system over a given period<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"auto\" data-start=\"1662\" data-end=\"1690\"><strong>It is commonly expressed as:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul data-start=\"1692\" data-end=\"1767\">\n<li data-section-id=\"10qdcdd\" data-start=\"1692\" data-end=\"1723\"><strong data-start=\"1694\" data-end=\"1723\">TR \u2014 Ton of Refrigeration<\/strong><\/li>\n<li data-section-id=\"1b69ky9\" data-start=\"1724\" data-end=\"1754\"><strong data-start=\"1726\" data-end=\"1754\">kW \u2014 Kilowatt of cooling<\/strong><\/li>\n<li data-section-id=\"1whowe6\" data-start=\"1755\" data-end=\"1767\"><strong data-start=\"1757\" data-end=\"1767\">BTU\/hr<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p dir=\"auto\" data-start=\"1769\" data-end=\"1847\">A chiller&#8217;s cooling capacity is different from its <strong data-start=\"1820\" data-end=\"1846\">electrical input power<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"auto\" data-start=\"1849\" data-end=\"1861\"><strong>For example:<\/strong><\/p>\n<p dir=\"auto\" data-start=\"1863\" data-end=\"1923\"><strong data-start=\"1863\" data-end=\"1923\">100 TR cooling capacity \u2260 100 kW electrical consumption.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p dir=\"auto\" data-start=\"1925\" data-end=\"2074\">The 100 TR represents cooling output, while electrical consumption depends on the chiller&#8217;s efficiency, operating conditions and auxiliary equipment.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"auto\" data-start=\"2076\" data-end=\"2106\"><strong>A commonly used conversion is:<\/strong><\/p>\n<blockquote data-start=\"2108\" data-end=\"2140\">\n<p dir=\"auto\" data-start=\"2110\" data-end=\"2140\"><strong data-start=\"2110\" data-end=\"2140\">1 TR = 3.517 kW of cooling<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<p dir=\"auto\" data-start=\"2142\" data-end=\"2152\"><strong>Therefore:<\/strong><\/p>\n<p dir=\"auto\" data-start=\"2154\" data-end=\"2200\"><strong data-start=\"2154\" data-end=\"2200\">100 TR \u00d7 3.517 = 351.7 kW cooling capacity<\/strong><\/p>\n<hr data-start=\"2241\" data-end=\"2244\" \/>\n<h2 dir=\"auto\" data-section-id=\"v3xzfv\" data-start=\"2246\" data-end=\"2294\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Why_Is_Chiller_Capacity_Calculation_Important\"><\/span>Why Is Chiller Capacity Calculation Important?<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p dir=\"auto\" data-start=\"2296\" data-end=\"2396\">Correct chiller sizing is important because both <strong data-start=\"2345\" data-end=\"2375\">undersizing and oversizing<\/strong> can create problems.<\/p>\n<h3 dir=\"auto\" data-section-id=\"1w09zp6\" data-start=\"2398\" data-end=\"2420\">Undersized chiller<\/h3>\n<p dir=\"auto\" data-start=\"2422\" data-end=\"2471\"><strong>If the selected chiller capacity is insufficient:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul data-start=\"2473\" data-end=\"2673\">\n<li data-section-id=\"zhre04\" data-start=\"2473\" data-end=\"2520\">Required room temperature may not be achieved<\/li>\n<li data-section-id=\"h644hw\" data-start=\"2521\" data-end=\"2552\">Process temperatures may rise<\/li>\n<li data-section-id=\"1igvkok\" data-start=\"2553\" data-end=\"2596\">Chiller may operate near maximum capacity<\/li>\n<li data-section-id=\"uyi1pc\" data-start=\"2597\" data-end=\"2636\">Cooling demand may remain unsatisfied<\/li>\n<li data-section-id=\"mqh66c\" data-start=\"2637\" data-end=\"2673\">System reliability can be affected<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3 dir=\"auto\" data-section-id=\"45yev0\" data-start=\"2675\" data-end=\"2696\">Oversized chiller<\/h3>\n<p dir=\"auto\" data-start=\"2698\" data-end=\"2732\"><strong>An oversized system can result in:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul data-start=\"2734\" data-end=\"2929\">\n<li data-section-id=\"lv3w9a\" data-start=\"2734\" data-end=\"2761\">Higher initial investment<\/li>\n<li data-section-id=\"15k1xwk\" data-start=\"2762\" data-end=\"2811\">Poorer operation at certain low-load conditions<\/li>\n<li data-section-id=\"or5zej\" data-start=\"2812\" data-end=\"2859\">More complicated staging\/control requirements<\/li>\n<li data-section-id=\"j7or64\" data-start=\"2860\" data-end=\"2929\">Potentially inefficient cycling depending on equipment and controls<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p dir=\"auto\" data-start=\"2931\" data-end=\"3110\">VIPUL&#8217;s chiller guidance specifically recommends calculating the actual cooling load instead of selecting capacity simply from building area.<\/p>\n<hr data-start=\"3112\" data-end=\"3115\" \/>\n<h2 dir=\"auto\" data-section-id=\"uoqgu8\" data-start=\"3117\" data-end=\"3162\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Chiller_Capacity_Calculation_Basic_Formula\"><\/span>Chiller Capacity Calculation: Basic Formula<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p dir=\"auto\" data-start=\"3164\" data-end=\"3199\">There are two important approaches.<\/p>\n<h3 dir=\"auto\" data-section-id=\"uai9hm\" data-start=\"3201\" data-end=\"3233\">Method 1: Cooling-Load Method<\/h3>\n<p dir=\"auto\" data-start=\"3235\" data-end=\"3295\"><strong>If the calculated building or process cooling load is known:<\/strong><\/p>\n<h3 dir=\"auto\" data-section-id=\"48h0qw\" data-start=\"3297\" data-end=\"3308\">Formula<\/h3>\n<p dir=\"auto\" data-start=\"3310\" data-end=\"3369\"><strong data-start=\"3310\" data-end=\"3369\">Chiller Capacity (TR) = Total Cooling Load (kW) \u00f7 3.517<\/strong><\/p>\n<p dir=\"auto\" data-start=\"3371\" data-end=\"3418\"><strong>For example, if the calculated cooling load is:<\/strong><\/p>\n<p dir=\"auto\" data-start=\"3420\" data-end=\"3430\"><strong data-start=\"3420\" data-end=\"3430\">350 kW<\/strong><\/p>\n<p dir=\"auto\" data-start=\"3432\" data-end=\"3437\"><strong>Then:<\/strong><\/p>\n<p dir=\"auto\" data-start=\"3439\" data-end=\"3464\"><strong data-start=\"3439\" data-end=\"3464\">350 \u00f7 3.517 = 99.5 TR<\/strong><\/p>\n<p dir=\"auto\" data-start=\"3466\" data-end=\"3506\"><strong>So the calculated load is approximately:<\/strong><\/p>\n<h3 dir=\"auto\" data-section-id=\"1sqbnn5\" data-start=\"3508\" data-end=\"3522\"><span role=\"text\"><strong data-start=\"3512\" data-end=\"3522\">100 TR<\/strong><\/span><\/h3>\n<p dir=\"auto\" data-start=\"3524\" data-end=\"3654\">The final equipment selection still needs to consider operating conditions, staging, redundancy and manufacturer performance data.<\/p>\n<hr data-start=\"3656\" data-end=\"3659\" \/>\n<h3 dir=\"auto\" data-section-id=\"o4v9k7\" data-start=\"3661\" data-end=\"3698\">Method 2: Chilled-Water Flow Method<\/h3>\n<p dir=\"auto\" data-start=\"3700\" data-end=\"3833\"><strong>When chilled-water flow and temperature difference are known, the cooling capacity can be calculated from the heat-transfer equation:<\/strong><\/p>\n<h3 dir=\"auto\" data-section-id=\"mxy044\" data-start=\"3835\" data-end=\"3858\"><span role=\"text\"><strong data-start=\"3839\" data-end=\"3858\">Q = m \u00d7 Cp \u00d7 \u0394T<\/strong><\/span><\/h3>\n<p dir=\"auto\" data-start=\"3860\" data-end=\"3866\"><strong>Where:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul data-start=\"3868\" data-end=\"4059\">\n<li data-section-id=\"13yf3r8\" data-start=\"3868\" data-end=\"3900\"><strong data-start=\"3870\" data-end=\"3875\">Q<\/strong> = cooling capacity in kW<\/li>\n<li data-section-id=\"v0mevn\" data-start=\"3901\" data-end=\"3933\"><strong data-start=\"3903\" data-end=\"3908\">m<\/strong> = mass flow rate in kg\/s<\/li>\n<li data-section-id=\"1qk73ok\" data-start=\"3934\" data-end=\"4005\"><strong data-start=\"3936\" data-end=\"3942\">Cp<\/strong> = specific heat capacity of water, approximately 4.186 kJ\/kg\u00b7K<\/li>\n<li data-section-id=\"11xb28x\" data-start=\"4006\" data-end=\"4059\"><strong data-start=\"4008\" data-end=\"4014\">\u0394T<\/strong> = chilled-water temperature difference in \u00b0C<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p dir=\"auto\" data-start=\"4061\" data-end=\"4071\"><strong>For water:<\/strong><\/p>\n<h3 dir=\"auto\" data-section-id=\"1jswfjd\" data-start=\"4073\" data-end=\"4113\"><span role=\"text\"><strong data-start=\"4077\" data-end=\"4113\">Q(kW) \u2248 m(kg\/s) \u00d7 4.186 \u00d7 \u0394T(\u00b0C)<\/strong><\/span><\/h3>\n<p dir=\"auto\" data-start=\"4115\" data-end=\"4120\"><strong>Then:<\/strong><\/p>\n<h3 dir=\"auto\" data-section-id=\"1l34ufc\" data-start=\"4122\" data-end=\"4148\"><span role=\"text\"><strong data-start=\"4126\" data-end=\"4148\">TR = Q(kW) \u00f7 3.517<\/strong><\/span><\/h3>\n<p dir=\"auto\" data-start=\"4150\" data-end=\"4308\">This is the fundamental heat-transfer relationship used when calculating cooling capacity from chilled-water conditions.<\/p>\n<hr data-start=\"4310\" data-end=\"4313\" \/>\n<h2 dir=\"auto\" data-section-id=\"11ixkti\" data-start=\"4315\" data-end=\"4353\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Chiller_Capacity_Calculation_Example\"><\/span>Chiller Capacity Calculation Example<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p dir=\"auto\" data-start=\"4355\" data-end=\"4363\"><strong>Suppose:<\/strong><\/p>\n<p dir=\"auto\" data-start=\"4365\" data-end=\"4398\"><strong data-start=\"4365\" data-end=\"4398\">Chilled-water flow = 100 m\u00b3\/h<\/strong><\/p>\n<p dir=\"auto\" data-start=\"4400\" data-end=\"4425\"><strong>Supply water temperature:<\/strong><\/p>\n<p dir=\"auto\" data-start=\"4427\" data-end=\"4434\"><strong data-start=\"4427\" data-end=\"4434\">7\u00b0C<\/strong><\/p>\n<p dir=\"auto\" data-start=\"4436\" data-end=\"4461\"><strong>Return water temperature:<\/strong><\/p>\n<p dir=\"auto\" data-start=\"4463\" data-end=\"4471\"><strong data-start=\"4463\" data-end=\"4471\">12\u00b0C<\/strong><\/p>\n<p dir=\"auto\" data-start=\"4473\" data-end=\"4483\"><strong>Therefore:<\/strong><\/p>\n<p dir=\"auto\" data-start=\"4485\" data-end=\"4506\"><strong data-start=\"4485\" data-end=\"4506\">\u0394T = 12 \u2212 7 = 5\u00b0C<\/strong><\/p>\n<p dir=\"auto\" data-start=\"4508\" data-end=\"4537\">First convert the water flow.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"auto\" data-start=\"4539\" data-end=\"4565\"><strong>100 m\u00b3\/h is approximately:<\/strong><\/p>\n<p dir=\"auto\" data-start=\"4567\" data-end=\"4580\"><strong data-start=\"4567\" data-end=\"4580\">27.78 L\/s<\/strong><\/p>\n<p dir=\"auto\" data-start=\"4582\" data-end=\"4592\"><strong>For water:<\/strong><\/p>\n<p dir=\"auto\" data-start=\"4594\" data-end=\"4619\"><strong data-start=\"4594\" data-end=\"4619\">Q \u2248 4.186 \u00d7 27.78 \u00d7 5<\/strong><\/p>\n<h3 dir=\"auto\" data-section-id=\"161keyn\" data-start=\"4621\" data-end=\"4635\">Q \u2248 581 kW<\/h3>\n<p dir=\"auto\" data-start=\"4637\" data-end=\"4642\"><strong>Then:<\/strong><\/p>\n<p dir=\"auto\" data-start=\"4644\" data-end=\"4664\"><strong data-start=\"4644\" data-end=\"4664\">TR = 581 \u00f7 3.517<\/strong><\/p>\n<h3 dir=\"auto\" data-section-id=\"dfsqbe\" data-start=\"4666\" data-end=\"4678\">\u2248 165 TR<\/h3>\n<p dir=\"auto\" data-start=\"4680\" data-end=\"4799\">Therefore, under these illustrative conditions, the chilled-water side is carrying approximately <strong data-start=\"4777\" data-end=\"4798\">165 TR of cooling<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"auto\" data-start=\"4801\" data-end=\"4982\">This is an <strong data-start=\"4812\" data-end=\"4840\">illustrative calculation<\/strong>, not a recommendation to purchase a 165-TR chiller. Actual equipment selection requires manufacturer performance data and project conditions.<\/p>\n<hr data-start=\"4984\" data-end=\"4987\" \/>\n<h2 dir=\"auto\" data-section-id=\"170zdxd\" data-start=\"4989\" data-end=\"5027\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Chiller_Capacity_Formula_in_SI_Units\"><\/span>Chiller Capacity Formula in SI Units<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p dir=\"auto\" data-start=\"5029\" data-end=\"5047\"><strong>For chilled water:<\/strong><\/p>\n<h3 dir=\"auto\" data-section-id=\"136p6kj\" data-start=\"5049\" data-end=\"5091\"><span role=\"text\"><strong data-start=\"5053\" data-end=\"5091\">Q(kW) = 4.186 \u00d7 Flow(L\/s) \u00d7 \u0394T(\u00b0C)<\/strong><\/span><\/h3>\n<p dir=\"auto\" data-start=\"5093\" data-end=\"5098\"><strong>Then:<\/strong><\/p>\n<h3 dir=\"auto\" data-section-id=\"phzm7x\" data-start=\"5100\" data-end=\"5136\"><span role=\"text\"><strong data-start=\"5104\" data-end=\"5136\">Capacity(TR) = Q(kW) \u00f7 3.517<\/strong><\/span><\/h3>\n<p dir=\"auto\" data-start=\"5138\" data-end=\"5148\"><strong>Therefore:<\/strong><\/p>\n<h3 dir=\"auto\" data-section-id=\"d2oo04\" data-start=\"5150\" data-end=\"5205\"><span role=\"text\"><strong data-start=\"5154\" data-end=\"5205\">Capacity(TR) \u2248 [4.186 \u00d7 Flow(L\/s) \u00d7 \u0394T] \u00f7 3.517<\/strong><\/span><\/h3>\n<p dir=\"auto\" data-start=\"5207\" data-end=\"5240\"><strong>This simplifies approximately to:<\/strong><\/p>\n<h3 dir=\"auto\" data-section-id=\"ny29zv\" data-start=\"5242\" data-end=\"5290\"><span role=\"text\"><strong data-start=\"5246\" data-end=\"5290\">Capacity(TR) \u2248 1.19 \u00d7 Flow(L\/s) \u00d7 \u0394T(\u00b0C)<\/strong><\/span><\/h3>\n<hr data-start=\"5292\" data-end=\"5295\" \/>\n<h2 dir=\"auto\" data-section-id=\"wyc11v\" data-start=\"5297\" data-end=\"5334\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Chiller_Capacity_Calculation_in_GPM\"><\/span>Chiller Capacity Calculation in GPM<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p dir=\"auto\" data-start=\"5336\" data-end=\"5408\"><strong>For projects using US customary units, a commonly used approximation is:<\/strong><\/p>\n<h3 dir=\"auto\" data-section-id=\"1w44nue\" data-start=\"5410\" data-end=\"5440\"><span role=\"text\"><strong data-start=\"5414\" data-end=\"5440\">TR = GPM \u00d7 \u0394T(\u00b0F) \u00f7 24<\/strong><\/span><\/h3>\n<p dir=\"auto\" data-start=\"5442\" data-end=\"5448\"><strong>Where:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul data-start=\"5450\" data-end=\"5548\">\n<li data-section-id=\"ofbb3w\" data-start=\"5450\" data-end=\"5498\">GPM = chilled-water flow in gallons per minute<\/li>\n<li data-section-id=\"1klncpw\" data-start=\"5499\" data-end=\"5548\">\u0394T = chilled-water temperature difference in \u00b0F<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p dir=\"auto\" data-start=\"5550\" data-end=\"5562\"><strong>For example:<\/strong><\/p>\n<p dir=\"auto\" data-start=\"5564\" data-end=\"5575\"><strong data-start=\"5564\" data-end=\"5575\">500 GPM<\/strong><\/p>\n<p dir=\"auto\" data-start=\"5577\" data-end=\"5581\"><strong>and:<\/strong><\/p>\n<p dir=\"auto\" data-start=\"5583\" data-end=\"5596\"><strong data-start=\"5583\" data-end=\"5596\">\u0394T = 10\u00b0F<\/strong><\/p>\n<p dir=\"auto\" data-start=\"5598\" data-end=\"5603\"><strong>Then:<\/strong><\/p>\n<p dir=\"auto\" data-start=\"5605\" data-end=\"5627\"><strong data-start=\"5605\" data-end=\"5627\">TR = 500 \u00d7 10 \u00f7 24<\/strong><\/p>\n<h3 dir=\"auto\" data-section-id=\"1tzhynd\" data-start=\"5629\" data-end=\"5650\"><span role=\"text\"><strong data-start=\"5633\" data-end=\"5650\">TR \u2248 208.3 TR<\/strong><\/span><\/h3>\n<p dir=\"auto\" data-start=\"5652\" data-end=\"5769\">Again, this is a hydronic-side calculation and should be checked against the actual design and equipment performance.<\/p>\n<hr data-start=\"5771\" data-end=\"5774\" \/>\n<h2 dir=\"auto\" data-section-id=\"fux8sm\" data-start=\"5776\" data-end=\"5821\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"What_Is_%CE%94T_in_Chiller_Capacity_Calculation\"><\/span>What Is \u0394T in Chiller Capacity Calculation?<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p dir=\"auto\" data-start=\"5823\" data-end=\"5929\"><strong data-start=\"5823\" data-end=\"5929\">\u0394T means the difference between chilled-water return temperature and chilled-water supply temperature.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p dir=\"auto\" data-start=\"5931\" data-end=\"5943\"><strong>For example:<\/strong><\/p>\n<h3 dir=\"auto\" data-section-id=\"1lh8m4k\" data-start=\"5945\" data-end=\"5973\">7\u00b0C supply \/ 12\u00b0C return<\/h3>\n<p dir=\"auto\" data-start=\"5975\" data-end=\"5980\"><strong>Then:<\/strong><\/p>\n<p dir=\"auto\" data-start=\"5982\" data-end=\"6003\"><strong data-start=\"5982\" data-end=\"6003\">\u0394T = 12 \u2212 7 = 5\u00b0C<\/strong><\/p>\n<p dir=\"auto\" data-start=\"6005\" data-end=\"6098\">A higher water temperature difference means more heat is transferred for the same water flow.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"auto\" data-start=\"6100\" data-end=\"6180\">This is why chilled-water flow and \u0394T are closely connected to chiller capacity.<\/p>\n<hr data-start=\"6182\" data-end=\"6185\" \/>\n<h2 dir=\"auto\" data-section-id=\"1uywbcg\" data-start=\"6187\" data-end=\"6225\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Why_7%C2%B0C_12%C2%B0C_Is_Commonly_Discussed\"><\/span>Why 7\u00b0C \/ 12\u00b0C Is Commonly Discussed<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p dir=\"auto\" data-start=\"6227\" data-end=\"6293\">A <strong data-start=\"6229\" data-end=\"6257\">7\u00b0C supply \/ 12\u00b0C return<\/strong> chilled-water arrangement provides:<\/p>\n<p dir=\"auto\" data-start=\"6295\" data-end=\"6307\"><strong data-start=\"6295\" data-end=\"6307\">\u0394T = 5\u00b0C<\/strong><\/p>\n<p dir=\"auto\" data-start=\"6309\" data-end=\"6368\">It is a common example used for chilled-water calculations.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"auto\" data-start=\"6370\" data-end=\"6425\"><strong>But actual design temperatures can differ depending on:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul data-start=\"6427\" data-end=\"6592\">\n<li data-section-id=\"36stn6\" data-start=\"6427\" data-end=\"6450\">Building requirements<\/li>\n<li data-section-id=\"hrebtb\" data-start=\"6451\" data-end=\"6468\">AHU coil design<\/li>\n<li data-section-id=\"173glro\" data-start=\"6469\" data-end=\"6487\">FCU requirements<\/li>\n<li data-section-id=\"1nsjbqn\" data-start=\"6488\" data-end=\"6510\">Process requirements<\/li>\n<li data-section-id=\"96i6oj\" data-start=\"6511\" data-end=\"6520\">Climate<\/li>\n<li data-section-id=\"1m2d9ze\" data-start=\"6521\" data-end=\"6543\">Chiller manufacturer<\/li>\n<li data-section-id=\"174rbip\" data-start=\"6544\" data-end=\"6561\">Energy strategy<\/li>\n<li data-section-id=\"12aw3vw\" data-start=\"6562\" data-end=\"6592\">Existing plant configuration<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p dir=\"auto\" data-start=\"6594\" data-end=\"6648\">Therefore, don&#8217;t assume every project must use 7\/12\u00b0C.<\/p>\n<hr data-start=\"6650\" data-end=\"6653\" \/>\n<h2 dir=\"auto\" data-section-id=\"157dbi9\" data-start=\"6655\" data-end=\"6717\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"How_to_Calculate_Chiller_Capacity_From_Building_Cooling_Load\"><\/span>How to Calculate Chiller Capacity From Building Cooling Load<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p dir=\"auto\" data-start=\"6719\" data-end=\"6791\">For a commercial building, the cooling load should be established first.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"auto\" data-start=\"6793\" data-end=\"6821\"><strong>The calculation may include:<\/strong><\/p>\n<h3 dir=\"auto\" data-section-id=\"l066ox\" data-start=\"6823\" data-end=\"6847\">1. Building Envelope<\/h3>\n<ul data-start=\"6849\" data-end=\"6894\">\n<li data-section-id=\"17bf4p9\" data-start=\"6849\" data-end=\"6856\">Walls<\/li>\n<li data-section-id=\"1j4e6kc\" data-start=\"6857\" data-end=\"6863\">Roof<\/li>\n<li data-section-id=\"33yq2f\" data-start=\"6864\" data-end=\"6873\">Windows<\/li>\n<li data-section-id=\"16whb65\" data-start=\"6874\" data-end=\"6881\">Doors<\/li>\n<li data-section-id=\"1rla3w8\" data-start=\"6882\" data-end=\"6894\">Insulation<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3 dir=\"auto\" data-section-id=\"1drtc1s\" data-start=\"6896\" data-end=\"6918\">2. Solar Heat Gain<\/h3>\n<p dir=\"auto\" data-start=\"6920\" data-end=\"6929\"><strong>Consider:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul data-start=\"6931\" data-end=\"6991\">\n<li data-section-id=\"z2f8eq\" data-start=\"6931\" data-end=\"6951\">Window orientation<\/li>\n<li data-section-id=\"qmq4c5\" data-start=\"6952\" data-end=\"6964\">Glass area<\/li>\n<li data-section-id=\"15o1aew\" data-start=\"6965\" data-end=\"6981\">Solar exposure<\/li>\n<li data-section-id=\"1s22sza\" data-start=\"6982\" data-end=\"6991\">Shading<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3 dir=\"auto\" data-section-id=\"1bmg1fo\" data-start=\"6993\" data-end=\"7009\">3. Occupancy<\/h3>\n<p dir=\"auto\" data-start=\"7011\" data-end=\"7052\">People generate sensible and latent heat.<\/p>\n<h3 dir=\"auto\" data-section-id=\"16eywki\" data-start=\"7054\" data-end=\"7069\">4. Lighting<\/h3>\n<p dir=\"auto\" data-start=\"7071\" data-end=\"7112\">Lighting contributes to the cooling load.<\/p>\n<h3 dir=\"auto\" data-section-id=\"zjbj3r\" data-start=\"7114\" data-end=\"7130\">5. Equipment<\/h3>\n<p dir=\"auto\" data-start=\"7132\" data-end=\"7141\"><strong>Examples:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul data-start=\"7143\" data-end=\"7214\">\n<li data-section-id=\"f5o9i4\" data-start=\"7143\" data-end=\"7154\">Computers<\/li>\n<li data-section-id=\"1v4cowu\" data-start=\"7155\" data-end=\"7164\">Servers<\/li>\n<li data-section-id=\"lf5732\" data-start=\"7165\" data-end=\"7175\">Machines<\/li>\n<li data-section-id=\"isl9uq\" data-start=\"7176\" data-end=\"7194\">Office equipment<\/li>\n<li data-section-id=\"17yncz8\" data-start=\"7195\" data-end=\"7214\">Kitchen equipment<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3 dir=\"auto\" data-section-id=\"1cz6x9r\" data-start=\"7216\" data-end=\"7234\">6. Ventilation<\/h3>\n<p dir=\"auto\" data-start=\"7236\" data-end=\"7262\"><strong>Outdoor air can introduce:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul data-start=\"7264\" data-end=\"7293\">\n<li data-section-id=\"19bxit5\" data-start=\"7264\" data-end=\"7279\">Sensible heat<\/li>\n<li data-section-id=\"pw1xw6\" data-start=\"7280\" data-end=\"7293\">Latent heat<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3 dir=\"auto\" data-section-id=\"1im8jcw\" data-start=\"7295\" data-end=\"7314\">7. Infiltration<\/h3>\n<p dir=\"auto\" data-start=\"7316\" data-end=\"7404\">Uncontrolled air entering through doors and building leakage can contribute to the load.<\/p>\n<h3 dir=\"auto\" data-section-id=\"pfjr3c\" data-start=\"7406\" data-end=\"7431\">8. Operating Schedule<\/h3>\n<p dir=\"auto\" data-start=\"7433\" data-end=\"7454\"><strong>A building operating:<\/strong><\/p>\n<p dir=\"auto\" data-start=\"7456\" data-end=\"7471\"><strong data-start=\"7456\" data-end=\"7471\">8 hours\/day<\/strong><\/p>\n<p dir=\"auto\" data-start=\"7473\" data-end=\"7528\">has a different load profile from a facility operating:<\/p>\n<p dir=\"auto\" data-start=\"7530\" data-end=\"7546\"><strong data-start=\"7530\" data-end=\"7546\">24 hours\/day<\/strong><\/p>\n<h3 dir=\"auto\" data-section-id=\"szd8c\" data-start=\"7548\" data-end=\"7567\">9. Process Load<\/h3>\n<p dir=\"auto\" data-start=\"7569\" data-end=\"7662\">Industrial projects may have significant heat generated by machinery or production processes.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"auto\" data-start=\"7664\" data-end=\"7897\">VIPUL&#8217;s current chiller project process specifically considers building area, occupancy, solar gain, lighting, equipment loads, fresh-air requirements, process loads, operating hours and climate.<\/p>\n<hr data-start=\"7899\" data-end=\"7902\" \/>\n<h2 dir=\"auto\" data-section-id=\"1ac7nu9\" data-start=\"7904\" data-end=\"7935\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Building_Cooling_Load_Example\"><\/span>Building Cooling Load Example<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p dir=\"auto\" data-start=\"7937\" data-end=\"7973\"><strong>Suppose an HVAC engineer calculates:<\/strong><\/p>\n<div class=\"group TyagGW_tableContainer\" dir=\"auto\">\n<div class=\"TyagGW_tableWrapper flex flex-col-reverse w-fit\" tabindex=\"-1\">\n<table class=\"w-fit min-w-(--thread-content-width)\" dir=\"auto\" style=\"height: 280px;\" width=\"577\" data-start=\"7975\" data-end=\"8212\">\n<thead data-start=\"7975\" data-end=\"8008\">\n<tr data-start=\"7975\" data-end=\"8008\">\n<th class=\"last:pe-10\" data-start=\"7975\" data-end=\"7992\" data-col-size=\"sm\">Load Component<\/th>\n<th class=\"last:pe-10\" data-start=\"7992\" data-end=\"8008\" data-col-size=\"sm\">Example Load<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody data-start=\"8020\" data-end=\"8212\">\n<tr data-start=\"8020\" data-end=\"8049\">\n<td data-start=\"8020\" data-end=\"8040\" data-col-size=\"sm\">Building envelope<\/td>\n<td data-start=\"8040\" data-end=\"8049\" data-col-size=\"sm\">80 kW<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr data-start=\"8050\" data-end=\"8072\">\n<td data-start=\"8050\" data-end=\"8063\" data-col-size=\"sm\">Solar gain<\/td>\n<td data-start=\"8063\" data-end=\"8072\" data-col-size=\"sm\">70 kW<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr data-start=\"8073\" data-end=\"8094\">\n<td data-start=\"8073\" data-end=\"8085\" data-col-size=\"sm\">Occupants<\/td>\n<td data-start=\"8085\" data-end=\"8094\" data-col-size=\"sm\">40 kW<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr data-start=\"8095\" data-end=\"8115\">\n<td data-start=\"8095\" data-end=\"8106\" data-col-size=\"sm\">Lighting<\/td>\n<td data-start=\"8106\" data-end=\"8115\" data-col-size=\"sm\">30 kW<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr data-start=\"8116\" data-end=\"8137\">\n<td data-start=\"8116\" data-end=\"8128\" data-col-size=\"sm\">Equipment<\/td>\n<td data-start=\"8128\" data-end=\"8137\" data-col-size=\"sm\">50 kW<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr data-start=\"8138\" data-end=\"8161\">\n<td data-start=\"8138\" data-end=\"8152\" data-col-size=\"sm\">Ventilation<\/td>\n<td data-start=\"8152\" data-end=\"8161\" data-col-size=\"sm\">40 kW<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr data-start=\"8162\" data-end=\"8185\">\n<td data-start=\"8162\" data-end=\"8176\" data-col-size=\"sm\">Other loads<\/td>\n<td data-start=\"8176\" data-end=\"8185\" data-col-size=\"sm\">40 kW<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr data-start=\"8186\" data-end=\"8212\">\n<td data-start=\"8186\" data-end=\"8198\" data-col-size=\"sm\"><strong data-start=\"8188\" data-end=\"8197\">Total<\/strong><\/td>\n<td data-start=\"8198\" data-end=\"8212\" data-col-size=\"sm\"><strong data-start=\"8200\" data-end=\"8210\">350 kW<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p dir=\"auto\" data-start=\"8214\" data-end=\"8219\"><strong>Then:<\/strong><\/p>\n<p dir=\"auto\" data-start=\"8221\" data-end=\"8255\"><strong data-start=\"8221\" data-end=\"8255\">Chiller capacity = 350 \u00f7 3.517<\/strong><\/p>\n<h3 dir=\"auto\" data-section-id=\"1wikdjn\" data-start=\"8257\" data-end=\"8270\">\u2248 99.5 TR<\/h3>\n<p dir=\"auto\" data-start=\"8272\" data-end=\"8317\"><strong>So the calculated peak load is approximately:<\/strong><\/p>\n<h3 dir=\"auto\" data-section-id=\"1sqbnn5\" data-start=\"8319\" data-end=\"8333\"><span role=\"text\"><strong data-start=\"8323\" data-end=\"8333\">100 TR<\/strong><\/span><\/h3>\n<p dir=\"auto\" data-start=\"8335\" data-end=\"8521\">The final plant configuration could be different from a single 100-TR machine because the designer may evaluate multiple chillers, redundancy, part-load performance and future expansion.<\/p>\n<hr data-start=\"8523\" data-end=\"8526\" \/>\n<h2 dir=\"auto\" data-section-id=\"1hii53v\" data-start=\"8528\" data-end=\"8586\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Chiller_Capacity_Calculation_for_Industrial_Applications\"><\/span>Chiller Capacity Calculation for Industrial Applications<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p dir=\"auto\" data-start=\"8588\" data-end=\"8662\">Industrial chiller sizing can be very different from building HVAC sizing.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"auto\" data-start=\"8664\" data-end=\"8722\"><strong>For an industrial process, the calculation may start with:<\/strong><\/p>\n<h3 dir=\"auto\" data-section-id=\"1kc3oer\" data-start=\"8724\" data-end=\"8745\">Process Heat Load<\/h3>\n<p dir=\"auto\" data-start=\"8747\" data-end=\"8759\"><strong>For example:<\/strong><\/p>\n<p dir=\"auto\" data-start=\"8761\" data-end=\"8841\"><strong data-start=\"8761\" data-end=\"8841\">Machine heat + process heat exchanger + product cooling + other heat sources<\/strong><\/p>\n<p dir=\"auto\" data-start=\"8843\" data-end=\"8872\"><strong>The engineer then determines:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul data-start=\"8874\" data-end=\"9035\">\n<li data-section-id=\"17ko41r\" data-start=\"8874\" data-end=\"8902\">Required fluid temperature<\/li>\n<li data-section-id=\"mpl3r\" data-start=\"8903\" data-end=\"8923\">Supply temperature<\/li>\n<li data-section-id=\"1b7fhym\" data-start=\"8924\" data-end=\"8944\">Return temperature<\/li>\n<li data-section-id=\"1jql5co\" data-start=\"8945\" data-end=\"8956\">Flow rate<\/li>\n<li data-section-id=\"gmyfky\" data-start=\"8957\" data-end=\"8969\">Fluid type<\/li>\n<li data-section-id=\"q5gtza\" data-start=\"8970\" data-end=\"8987\">Operating hours<\/li>\n<li data-section-id=\"1f4622i\" data-start=\"8988\" data-end=\"9007\">Peak process load<\/li>\n<li data-section-id=\"p3k3x4\" data-start=\"9008\" data-end=\"9022\">Minimum load<\/li>\n<li data-section-id=\"1qdc4wh\" data-start=\"9023\" data-end=\"9035\">Redundancy<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p dir=\"auto\" data-start=\"9037\" data-end=\"9227\">VIPUL&#8217;s industrial chiller guidance emphasizes that process cooling should be designed around the actual process rather than simply using building area.<\/p>\n<hr data-start=\"9229\" data-end=\"9232\" \/>\n<h2 dir=\"auto\" data-section-id=\"hkfr0u\" data-start=\"9234\" data-end=\"9271\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Industrial_Chiller_Capacity_Formula\"><\/span>Industrial Chiller Capacity Formula<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p dir=\"auto\" data-start=\"9273\" data-end=\"9306\"><strong>For a liquid-cooling application:<\/strong><\/p>\n<h3 dir=\"auto\" data-section-id=\"mxy044\" data-start=\"9308\" data-end=\"9331\"><span role=\"text\"><strong data-start=\"9312\" data-end=\"9331\">Q = m \u00d7 Cp \u00d7 \u0394T<\/strong><\/span><\/h3>\n<p dir=\"auto\" data-start=\"9333\" data-end=\"9381\">However, the fluid may not always be pure water.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"auto\" data-start=\"9383\" data-end=\"9395\"><strong>It could be:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul data-start=\"9397\" data-end=\"9461\">\n<li data-section-id=\"17bexz1\" data-start=\"9397\" data-end=\"9404\">Water<\/li>\n<li data-section-id=\"k0ijfs\" data-start=\"9405\" data-end=\"9427\">Glycol-water mixture<\/li>\n<li data-section-id=\"16ybt6i\" data-start=\"9428\" data-end=\"9435\">Brine<\/li>\n<li data-section-id=\"54fexu\" data-start=\"9436\" data-end=\"9461\">Other secondary coolant<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p dir=\"auto\" data-start=\"9463\" data-end=\"9624\">If glycol or another fluid is used, its <strong data-start=\"9503\" data-end=\"9532\">density and specific heat<\/strong> must be incorporated into the calculation rather than automatically using water properties.<\/p>\n<hr data-start=\"9626\" data-end=\"9629\" \/>\n<h2 dir=\"auto\" data-section-id=\"5lhz2f\" data-start=\"9631\" data-end=\"9672\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Chiller_Capacity_Calculation_for_Glycol\"><\/span>Chiller Capacity Calculation for Glycol<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p dir=\"auto\" data-start=\"9674\" data-end=\"9720\">Suppose a process uses a glycol-water mixture.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"auto\" data-start=\"9722\" data-end=\"9768\"><strong>You should obtain from the fluid manufacturer:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul data-start=\"9770\" data-end=\"9824\">\n<li data-section-id=\"1dqy8ls\" data-start=\"9770\" data-end=\"9785\">Specific heat<\/li>\n<li data-section-id=\"1ndjl0w\" data-start=\"9786\" data-end=\"9795\">Density<\/li>\n<li data-section-id=\"dnju73\" data-start=\"9796\" data-end=\"9807\">Viscosity<\/li>\n<li data-section-id=\"121ude2\" data-start=\"9808\" data-end=\"9824\">Freezing point<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p dir=\"auto\" data-start=\"9826\" data-end=\"9841\"><strong>Then calculate:<\/strong><\/p>\n<h3 dir=\"auto\" data-section-id=\"1qqx90s\" data-start=\"9843\" data-end=\"9885\"><span role=\"text\"><strong data-start=\"9847\" data-end=\"9885\">Q = mass flow \u00d7 specific heat \u00d7 \u0394T<\/strong><\/span><\/h3>\n<p dir=\"auto\" data-start=\"9887\" data-end=\"10054\">Because glycol mixtures generally have different thermophysical properties from water, the result should not be calculated using the water constant without adjustment.<\/p>\n<hr data-start=\"10056\" data-end=\"10059\" \/>\n<h2 dir=\"auto\" data-section-id=\"c02utl\" data-start=\"10061\" data-end=\"10093\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"How_Many_TR_Chiller_Do_I_Need\"><\/span>How Many TR Chiller Do I Need?<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p dir=\"auto\" data-start=\"10095\" data-end=\"10143\">This is one of the most common search questions.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"auto\" data-start=\"10145\" data-end=\"10195\">The answer depends on the calculated cooling load.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"auto\" data-start=\"10197\" data-end=\"10209\"><strong>For example:<\/strong><\/p>\n<div class=\"group TyagGW_tableContainer\" dir=\"auto\">\n<div class=\"TyagGW_tableWrapper flex flex-col-reverse w-fit\" tabindex=\"-1\">\n<table class=\"w-fit min-w-(--thread-content-width)\" dir=\"auto\" style=\"height: 255px;\" width=\"598\" data-start=\"10211\" data-end=\"10429\">\n<thead data-start=\"10211\" data-end=\"10265\">\n<tr data-start=\"10211\" data-end=\"10265\">\n<th class=\"last:pe-10\" data-start=\"10211\" data-end=\"10237\" data-col-size=\"sm\">Calculated Cooling Load<\/th>\n<th class=\"last:pe-10\" data-start=\"10237\" data-end=\"10265\" data-col-size=\"sm\">Approx. Cooling Capacity<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody data-start=\"10278\" data-end=\"10429\">\n<tr data-start=\"10278\" data-end=\"10298\">\n<td data-start=\"10278\" data-end=\"10287\" data-col-size=\"sm\">100 kW<\/td>\n<td data-start=\"10287\" data-end=\"10298\" data-col-size=\"sm\">28.4 TR<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr data-start=\"10299\" data-end=\"10319\">\n<td data-start=\"10299\" data-end=\"10308\" data-col-size=\"sm\">200 kW<\/td>\n<td data-start=\"10308\" data-end=\"10319\" data-col-size=\"sm\">56.9 TR<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr data-start=\"10320\" data-end=\"10340\">\n<td data-start=\"10320\" data-end=\"10329\" data-col-size=\"sm\">300 kW<\/td>\n<td data-start=\"10329\" data-end=\"10340\" data-col-size=\"sm\">85.3 TR<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr data-start=\"10341\" data-end=\"10361\">\n<td data-start=\"10341\" data-end=\"10350\" data-col-size=\"sm\">350 kW<\/td>\n<td data-start=\"10350\" data-end=\"10361\" data-col-size=\"sm\">99.5 TR<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr data-start=\"10362\" data-end=\"10383\">\n<td data-start=\"10362\" data-end=\"10371\" data-col-size=\"sm\">500 kW<\/td>\n<td data-start=\"10371\" data-end=\"10383\" data-col-size=\"sm\">142.2 TR<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr data-start=\"10384\" data-end=\"10405\">\n<td data-start=\"10384\" data-end=\"10393\" data-col-size=\"sm\">700 kW<\/td>\n<td data-col-size=\"sm\" data-start=\"10393\" data-end=\"10405\">199.0 TR<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr data-start=\"10406\" data-end=\"10429\">\n<td data-start=\"10406\" data-end=\"10417\" data-col-size=\"sm\">1,000 kW<\/td>\n<td data-start=\"10417\" data-end=\"10429\" data-col-size=\"sm\">284.3 TR<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p dir=\"auto\" data-start=\"10431\" data-end=\"10439\"><strong>Formula:<\/strong><\/p>\n<h3 dir=\"auto\" data-section-id=\"163rkoo\" data-start=\"10441\" data-end=\"10464\"><span role=\"text\"><strong data-start=\"10445\" data-end=\"10464\">TR = kW \u00f7 3.517<\/strong><\/span><\/h3>\n<p dir=\"auto\" data-start=\"10466\" data-end=\"10538\">These are mathematical conversions, <strong data-start=\"10502\" data-end=\"10537\">not recommended equipment sizes<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<hr data-start=\"10540\" data-end=\"10543\" \/>\n<h2 dir=\"auto\" data-section-id=\"nu07kj\" data-start=\"10545\" data-end=\"10583\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Chiller_Capacity_vs_Electrical_Power\"><\/span>Chiller Capacity vs Electrical Power<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p dir=\"auto\" data-start=\"10585\" data-end=\"10625\">This distinction is extremely important.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"auto\" data-start=\"10627\" data-end=\"10649\"><strong>Suppose a chiller has:<\/strong><\/p>\n<h3 dir=\"auto\" data-section-id=\"r68lrn\" data-start=\"10651\" data-end=\"10680\">Cooling capacity = 500 TR<\/h3>\n<p dir=\"auto\" data-start=\"10682\" data-end=\"10705\"><strong>That does not mean:<\/strong><\/p>\n<h3 dir=\"auto\" data-section-id=\"1xn6g8p\" data-start=\"10707\" data-end=\"10742\">Electrical consumption = 500 kW<\/h3>\n<p dir=\"auto\" data-start=\"10744\" data-end=\"10807\"><strong>Chiller efficiency is commonly expressed using metrics such as:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul data-start=\"10809\" data-end=\"10872\">\n<li data-section-id=\"1o4dlg\" data-start=\"10809\" data-end=\"10814\">COP<\/li>\n<li data-section-id=\"167jtp9\" data-start=\"10815\" data-end=\"10822\">kW\/TR<\/li>\n<li data-section-id=\"1o4ihm\" data-start=\"10823\" data-end=\"10828\">EER<\/li>\n<li data-section-id=\"ly94fv\" data-start=\"10829\" data-end=\"10872\">IPLV\/NPLV or applicable part-load metrics<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p dir=\"auto\" data-start=\"10874\" data-end=\"10917\"><strong>For example, if a hypothetical chiller has:<\/strong><\/p>\n<p dir=\"auto\" data-start=\"10919\" data-end=\"10930\"><strong data-start=\"10919\" data-end=\"10930\">COP = 5<\/strong><\/p>\n<p dir=\"auto\" data-start=\"10932\" data-end=\"10937\"><strong>then:<\/strong><\/p>\n<p dir=\"auto\" data-start=\"10939\" data-end=\"10971\"><strong data-start=\"10939\" data-end=\"10971\">Cooling output = 500 \u00d7 3.517<\/strong><\/p>\n<h3 dir=\"auto\" data-section-id=\"1gp5n2z\" data-start=\"10973\" data-end=\"10989\">= 1,758.5 kW<\/h3>\n<p dir=\"auto\" data-start=\"10991\" data-end=\"11073\"><strong>Approximate compressor\/input power based only on this simplified COP relationship:<\/strong><\/p>\n<p dir=\"auto\" data-start=\"11075\" data-end=\"11101\"><strong data-start=\"11075\" data-end=\"11101\">1,758.5 \u00f7 5 = 351.7 kW<\/strong><\/p>\n<p dir=\"auto\" data-start=\"11103\" data-end=\"11208\">Actual plant electricity consumption will also include pumps, cooling towers, fans and other auxiliaries.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"auto\" data-start=\"11210\" data-end=\"11220\"><strong>Therefore:<\/strong><\/p>\n<blockquote data-start=\"11222\" data-end=\"11303\">\n<p dir=\"auto\" data-start=\"11224\" data-end=\"11303\"><strong data-start=\"11224\" data-end=\"11303\">Chiller capacity and electrical consumption are two different measurements.<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<hr data-start=\"11305\" data-end=\"11308\" \/>\n<h2 dir=\"auto\" data-section-id=\"orr14c\" data-start=\"11310\" data-end=\"11345\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Why_Part-Load_Performance_Matters\"><\/span>Why Part-Load Performance Matters<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p dir=\"auto\" data-start=\"11347\" data-end=\"11431\">A building rarely operates at its exact peak cooling load throughout the entire day.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"auto\" data-start=\"11433\" data-end=\"11445\"><strong>For example:<\/strong><\/p>\n<p dir=\"auto\" data-start=\"11447\" data-end=\"11455\"><strong>Morning:<\/strong><\/p>\n<p dir=\"auto\" data-start=\"11457\" data-end=\"11469\"><strong data-start=\"11457\" data-end=\"11469\">40% load<\/strong><\/p>\n<p dir=\"auto\" data-start=\"11471\" data-end=\"11478\"><strong>Midday:<\/strong><\/p>\n<p dir=\"auto\" data-start=\"11480\" data-end=\"11492\"><strong data-start=\"11480\" data-end=\"11492\">80% load<\/strong><\/p>\n<p dir=\"auto\" data-start=\"11494\" data-end=\"11504\"><strong>Afternoon:<\/strong><\/p>\n<p dir=\"auto\" data-start=\"11506\" data-end=\"11519\"><strong data-start=\"11506\" data-end=\"11519\">100% load<\/strong><\/p>\n<p dir=\"auto\" data-start=\"11521\" data-end=\"11529\"><strong>Evening:<\/strong><\/p>\n<p dir=\"auto\" data-start=\"11531\" data-end=\"11543\"><strong data-start=\"11531\" data-end=\"11543\">50% load<\/strong><\/p>\n<p dir=\"auto\" data-start=\"11545\" data-end=\"11551\"><strong>Night:<\/strong><\/p>\n<p dir=\"auto\" data-start=\"11553\" data-end=\"11565\"><strong data-start=\"11553\" data-end=\"11565\">20% load<\/strong><\/p>\n<p dir=\"auto\" data-start=\"11567\" data-end=\"11639\">Therefore, a chiller should not be evaluated only at full-load capacity.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"auto\" data-start=\"11641\" data-end=\"11819\">ASHRAE&#8217;s chilled-water guidance emphasizes the importance of considering load profiles and operating patterns in plant sizing and operation.<\/p>\n<hr data-start=\"11821\" data-end=\"11824\" \/>\n<h2 dir=\"auto\" data-section-id=\"10b727s\" data-start=\"11826\" data-end=\"11879\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Should_You_Add_a_Safety_Factor_to_Chiller_Capacity\"><\/span>Should You Add a Safety Factor to Chiller Capacity?<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p dir=\"auto\" data-start=\"11881\" data-end=\"11975\">A common engineering question is whether to simply add 10%, 15% or 20% to the calculated load.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"auto\" data-start=\"11977\" data-end=\"11991\"><strong>The answer is:<\/strong><\/p>\n<h3 dir=\"auto\" data-section-id=\"17cw3ij\" data-start=\"11993\" data-end=\"12039\"><span role=\"text\"><strong data-start=\"11997\" data-end=\"12039\">Do not blindly add a large percentage.<\/strong><\/span><\/h3>\n<p dir=\"auto\" data-start=\"12041\" data-end=\"12083\"><strong>A professional designer should understand:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul data-start=\"12085\" data-end=\"12261\">\n<li data-section-id=\"thwtio\" data-start=\"12085\" data-end=\"12118\">Uncertainty in load calculation<\/li>\n<li data-section-id=\"tue6b8\" data-start=\"12119\" data-end=\"12137\">Future expansion<\/li>\n<li data-section-id=\"qkf2j7\" data-start=\"12138\" data-end=\"12149\">Diversity<\/li>\n<li data-section-id=\"1xgeg6r\" data-start=\"12150\" data-end=\"12174\">Equipment availability<\/li>\n<li data-section-id=\"1qdc4wh\" data-start=\"12175\" data-end=\"12187\">Redundancy<\/li>\n<li data-section-id=\"1r4qe9t\" data-start=\"12188\" data-end=\"12209\">Part-load operation<\/li>\n<li data-section-id=\"11ujg8v\" data-start=\"12210\" data-end=\"12241\">Manufacturer capacity ratings<\/li>\n<li data-section-id=\"1bcvffe\" data-start=\"12242\" data-end=\"12261\">Design conditions<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p dir=\"auto\" data-start=\"12263\" data-end=\"12275\"><strong>For example:<\/strong><\/p>\n<p dir=\"auto\" data-start=\"12277\" data-end=\"12298\"><strong>Calculated peak load:<\/strong><\/p>\n<p dir=\"auto\" data-start=\"12300\" data-end=\"12310\"><strong data-start=\"12300\" data-end=\"12310\">500 TR<\/strong><\/p>\n<p dir=\"auto\" data-start=\"12312\" data-end=\"12340\"><strong>does not automatically mean:<\/strong><\/p>\n<p dir=\"auto\" data-start=\"12342\" data-end=\"12365\"><strong data-start=\"12342\" data-end=\"12365\">500 \u00d7 1.20 = 600 TR<\/strong><\/p>\n<p dir=\"auto\" data-start=\"12367\" data-end=\"12403\"><strong>The final selection may instead use:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul data-start=\"12405\" data-end=\"12517\">\n<li data-section-id=\"15n2iri\" data-start=\"12405\" data-end=\"12424\">Multiple chillers<\/li>\n<li data-section-id=\"ujdnu8\" data-start=\"12425\" data-end=\"12443\">Modular capacity<\/li>\n<li data-section-id=\"gnupca\" data-start=\"12444\" data-end=\"12461\">Standby chiller<\/li>\n<li data-section-id=\"1kk077h\" data-start=\"12462\" data-end=\"12490\">Future expansion provision<\/li>\n<li data-section-id=\"1vuvh72\" data-start=\"12491\" data-end=\"12517\">Variable-speed equipment<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p dir=\"auto\" data-start=\"12519\" data-end=\"12567\">The appropriate strategy depends on the project.<\/p>\n<hr data-start=\"12569\" data-end=\"12572\" \/>\n<h2 dir=\"auto\" data-section-id=\"urluj1\" data-start=\"12574\" data-end=\"12629\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Chiller_Plant_Capacity_vs_Individual_Chiller_Capacity\"><\/span>Chiller Plant Capacity vs Individual Chiller Capacity<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p dir=\"auto\" data-start=\"12631\" data-end=\"12660\">These are different concepts.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"auto\" data-start=\"12662\" data-end=\"12690\"><strong>Suppose a building requires:<\/strong><\/p>\n<h3 dir=\"auto\" data-section-id=\"ha04ef\" data-start=\"12692\" data-end=\"12723\">600 TR total plant capacity<\/h3>\n<p dir=\"auto\" data-start=\"12725\" data-end=\"12763\"><strong>Possible configurations could include:<\/strong><\/p>\n<p dir=\"auto\" data-start=\"12765\" data-end=\"12779\"><strong data-start=\"12765\" data-end=\"12779\">1 \u00d7 600 TR<\/strong><\/p>\n<p dir=\"auto\" data-start=\"12781\" data-end=\"12784\"><strong>or:<\/strong><\/p>\n<p dir=\"auto\" data-start=\"12786\" data-end=\"12800\"><strong data-start=\"12786\" data-end=\"12800\">2 \u00d7 300 TR<\/strong><\/p>\n<p dir=\"auto\" data-start=\"12802\" data-end=\"12805\"><strong>or:<\/strong><\/p>\n<p dir=\"auto\" data-start=\"12807\" data-end=\"12821\"><strong data-start=\"12807\" data-end=\"12821\">3 \u00d7 200 TR<\/strong><\/p>\n<p dir=\"auto\" data-start=\"12823\" data-end=\"12857\">or another engineered combination.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"auto\" data-start=\"12859\" data-end=\"12881\"><strong>The choice depends on:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul data-start=\"12883\" data-end=\"13004\">\n<li data-section-id=\"1qdc4wh\" data-start=\"12883\" data-end=\"12895\">Redundancy<\/li>\n<li data-section-id=\"iudhc3\" data-start=\"12896\" data-end=\"12918\">Part-load efficiency<\/li>\n<li data-section-id=\"pd6i5h\" data-start=\"12919\" data-end=\"12933\">Load profile<\/li>\n<li data-section-id=\"nfitgu\" data-start=\"12934\" data-end=\"12956\">Maintenance strategy<\/li>\n<li data-section-id=\"tnb2j\" data-start=\"12957\" data-end=\"12970\">Plant space<\/li>\n<li data-section-id=\"19dmf8h\" data-start=\"12971\" data-end=\"12985\">Capital cost<\/li>\n<li data-section-id=\"tue6b8\" data-start=\"12986\" data-end=\"13004\">Future expansion<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p dir=\"auto\" data-start=\"13006\" data-end=\"13099\">For critical facilities, multiple-chiller configurations can provide operational flexibility.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"auto\" data-start=\"13101\" data-end=\"13289\">VIPUL&#8217;s current chiller guidance specifically mentions evaluating multiple-chiller plants and redundancy requirements according to project conditions.<\/p>\n<hr data-start=\"13291\" data-end=\"13294\" \/>\n<h2 dir=\"auto\" data-section-id=\"ou2t0z\" data-start=\"13296\" data-end=\"13318\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"N1_Chiller_Capacity\"><\/span>N+1 Chiller Capacity<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p dir=\"auto\" data-start=\"13320\" data-end=\"13387\">For critical facilities, designers may consider <strong data-start=\"13368\" data-end=\"13386\">N+1 redundancy<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"auto\" data-start=\"13389\" data-end=\"13410\"><strong>For example, suppose:<\/strong><\/p>\n<p dir=\"auto\" data-start=\"13412\" data-end=\"13438\"><strong data-start=\"13412\" data-end=\"13438\">Required duty = 600 TR<\/strong><\/p>\n<p dir=\"auto\" data-start=\"13440\" data-end=\"13474\"><strong>A possible configuration might be:<\/strong><\/p>\n<p dir=\"auto\" data-start=\"13476\" data-end=\"13499\"><strong data-start=\"13476\" data-end=\"13499\">3 \u00d7 300 TR chillers<\/strong><\/p>\n<p dir=\"auto\" data-start=\"13501\" data-end=\"13517\"><strong>Total installed:<\/strong><\/p>\n<p dir=\"auto\" data-start=\"13519\" data-end=\"13529\"><strong data-start=\"13519\" data-end=\"13529\">900 TR<\/strong><\/p>\n<p dir=\"auto\" data-start=\"13531\" data-end=\"13568\"><strong>If one 300-TR chiller is unavailable:<\/strong><\/p>\n<p dir=\"auto\" data-start=\"13570\" data-end=\"13598\"><strong data-start=\"13570\" data-end=\"13598\">600 TR remains available<\/strong><\/p>\n<p dir=\"auto\" data-start=\"13600\" data-end=\"13671\">This is an illustrative redundancy concept\u2014not a universal requirement.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"auto\" data-start=\"13673\" data-end=\"13720\"><strong>The appropriate redundancy strategy depends on:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul data-start=\"13722\" data-end=\"13829\">\n<li data-section-id=\"15661j6\" data-start=\"13722\" data-end=\"13744\">Facility criticality<\/li>\n<li data-section-id=\"1tp8kj5\" data-start=\"13745\" data-end=\"13762\">Required uptime<\/li>\n<li data-section-id=\"pd6i5h\" data-start=\"13763\" data-end=\"13777\">Load profile<\/li>\n<li data-section-id=\"1w23cbx\" data-start=\"13778\" data-end=\"13786\">Budget<\/li>\n<li data-section-id=\"9wh5qy\" data-start=\"13787\" data-end=\"13811\">Maintenance philosophy<\/li>\n<li data-section-id=\"to9e65\" data-start=\"13812\" data-end=\"13829\">Risk assessment<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<hr data-start=\"13831\" data-end=\"13834\" \/>\n<h2 dir=\"auto\" data-section-id=\"1lmj07m\" data-start=\"13836\" data-end=\"13880\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Chiller_Capacity_Calculation_for_Hospitals\"><\/span>Chiller Capacity Calculation for Hospitals<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p dir=\"auto\" data-start=\"13882\" data-end=\"13986\">Hospitals require more careful HVAC design because different areas can have very different requirements.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"auto\" data-start=\"13988\" data-end=\"13997\"><strong>Consider:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul data-start=\"13999\" data-end=\"14107\">\n<li data-section-id=\"2ypfnb\" data-start=\"13999\" data-end=\"14014\">Patient rooms<\/li>\n<li data-section-id=\"psxos9\" data-start=\"14015\" data-end=\"14032\">Operating rooms<\/li>\n<li data-section-id=\"1o48nr\" data-start=\"14033\" data-end=\"14038\">ICU<\/li>\n<li data-section-id=\"ku3rl9\" data-start=\"14039\" data-end=\"14053\">Laboratories<\/li>\n<li data-section-id=\"1q165iz\" data-start=\"14054\" data-end=\"14063\">Offices<\/li>\n<li data-section-id=\"11vfdtz\" data-start=\"14064\" data-end=\"14075\">Corridors<\/li>\n<li data-section-id=\"x5qxa\" data-start=\"14076\" data-end=\"14091\">Imaging areas<\/li>\n<li data-section-id=\"q3b7do\" data-start=\"14092\" data-end=\"14107\">Sterile areas<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p dir=\"auto\" data-start=\"14109\" data-end=\"14204\">The designer may calculate cooling loads by zone and then determine the diversified plant load.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"auto\" data-start=\"14206\" data-end=\"14244\"><strong>Additional considerations can include:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul data-start=\"14246\" data-end=\"14338\">\n<li data-section-id=\"1ys04qh\" data-start=\"14246\" data-end=\"14259\">Ventilation<\/li>\n<li data-section-id=\"1svglm8\" data-start=\"14260\" data-end=\"14272\">Filtration<\/li>\n<li data-section-id=\"1h9cbht\" data-start=\"14273\" data-end=\"14283\">Humidity<\/li>\n<li data-section-id=\"s3muey\" data-start=\"14284\" data-end=\"14308\">Pressure relationships<\/li>\n<li data-section-id=\"1n3atyb\" data-start=\"14309\" data-end=\"14325\">24\/7 operation<\/li>\n<li data-section-id=\"1qdc4wh\" data-start=\"14326\" data-end=\"14338\">Redundancy<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p dir=\"auto\" data-start=\"14340\" data-end=\"14435\">Therefore, a hospital chiller should not be sized using a simple TR-per-square-foot assumption.<\/p>\n<hr data-start=\"14437\" data-end=\"14440\" \/>\n<h2 dir=\"auto\" data-section-id=\"1arwtod\" data-start=\"14442\" data-end=\"14489\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Chiller_Capacity_Calculation_for_Data_Centers\"><\/span>Chiller Capacity Calculation for Data Centers<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p dir=\"auto\" data-start=\"14491\" data-end=\"14592\">Data centers are particularly different because IT equipment generates substantial heat continuously.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"auto\" data-start=\"14594\" data-end=\"14623\"><strong>The calculation may consider:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul data-start=\"14625\" data-end=\"14755\">\n<li data-section-id=\"cly6gj\" data-start=\"14625\" data-end=\"14634\">IT load<\/li>\n<li data-section-id=\"urhqdn\" data-start=\"14635\" data-end=\"14647\">UPS losses<\/li>\n<li data-section-id=\"1rq4tbs\" data-start=\"14648\" data-end=\"14675\">Power distribution losses<\/li>\n<li data-section-id=\"1ltr4ja\" data-start=\"14676\" data-end=\"14686\">Lighting<\/li>\n<li data-section-id=\"1857fsn\" data-start=\"14687\" data-end=\"14698\">Occupancy<\/li>\n<li data-section-id=\"1eokzl2\" data-start=\"14699\" data-end=\"14709\">Envelope<\/li>\n<li data-section-id=\"1ys04qh\" data-start=\"14710\" data-end=\"14723\">Ventilation<\/li>\n<li data-section-id=\"1qdc4wh\" data-start=\"14724\" data-end=\"14736\">Redundancy<\/li>\n<li data-section-id=\"6ygwsh\" data-start=\"14737\" data-end=\"14755\">Future IT growth<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p dir=\"auto\" data-start=\"14757\" data-end=\"14786\"><strong>For example, a facility with:<\/strong><\/p>\n<p dir=\"auto\" data-start=\"14788\" data-end=\"14804\"><strong data-start=\"14788\" data-end=\"14804\">1 MW IT load<\/strong><\/p>\n<p dir=\"auto\" data-start=\"14806\" data-end=\"14843\"><strong>does not necessarily require exactly:<\/strong><\/p>\n<p dir=\"auto\" data-start=\"14845\" data-end=\"14872\"><strong data-start=\"14845\" data-end=\"14872\">1 MW \/ 3.517 = 284.3 TR<\/strong><\/p>\n<p dir=\"auto\" data-start=\"14874\" data-end=\"14968\">because the total facility cooling load can include additional heat sources and system losses.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"auto\" data-start=\"14970\" data-end=\"15071\">The final calculation should be based on the complete facility load profile and cooling architecture.<\/p>\n<hr data-start=\"15073\" data-end=\"15076\" \/>\n<h2 dir=\"auto\" data-section-id=\"1ydkxk4\" data-start=\"15078\" data-end=\"15135\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Air-Cooled_vs_Water-Cooled_Chiller_Capacity_Calculation\"><\/span>Air-Cooled vs Water-Cooled Chiller Capacity Calculation<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p dir=\"auto\" data-start=\"15137\" data-end=\"15208\">The cooling-load calculation establishes the required cooling capacity.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"auto\" data-start=\"15210\" data-end=\"15277\">But then the engineer needs to select the appropriate chiller type.<\/p>\n<h3 dir=\"auto\" data-section-id=\"zlbv6x\" data-start=\"15279\" data-end=\"15300\">Air-Cooled Chiller<\/h3>\n<p dir=\"auto\" data-start=\"15302\" data-end=\"15343\">Heat is rejected directly to outdoor air.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"auto\" data-start=\"15345\" data-end=\"15365\"><strong>Typical arrangement:<\/strong><\/p>\n<p dir=\"auto\" data-start=\"15367\" data-end=\"15404\"><strong data-start=\"15367\" data-end=\"15404\">Chiller \u2192 Chilled Water \u2192 AHU\/FCU<\/strong><\/p>\n<p dir=\"auto\" data-start=\"15406\" data-end=\"15490\">Air-cooled chillers normally do not require a cooling tower or condenser-water loop.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"auto\" data-start=\"15492\" data-end=\"15685\">VIPUL offers air-cooled chiller solutions and describes them as potentially simpler where cooling-tower and condenser-water infrastructure is not required.<\/p>\n<h3 dir=\"auto\" data-section-id=\"1qjmkkm\" data-start=\"15687\" data-end=\"15710\">Water-Cooled Chiller<\/h3>\n<p dir=\"auto\" data-start=\"15712\" data-end=\"15780\">Heat is rejected through a condenser-water system and cooling tower.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"auto\" data-start=\"15782\" data-end=\"15802\"><strong>Typical arrangement:<\/strong><\/p>\n<p dir=\"auto\" data-start=\"15804\" data-end=\"15854\"><strong data-start=\"15804\" data-end=\"15854\">Chiller \u2192 Cooling Tower \u2192 Condenser Water Loop<\/strong><\/p>\n<p dir=\"auto\" data-start=\"15856\" data-end=\"15961\">Water-cooled systems require additional infrastructure but can be suitable for larger centralized plants.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"auto\" data-start=\"15963\" data-end=\"16082\">VIPUL currently lists both air-cooled and water-cooled chillers in its portfolio.<\/p>\n<hr data-start=\"16084\" data-end=\"16087\" \/>\n<h2 dir=\"auto\" data-section-id=\"fbrqrw\" data-start=\"16089\" data-end=\"16142\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Chiller_Capacity_Calculation_and_Chilled-Water_Flow\"><\/span>Chiller Capacity Calculation and Chilled-Water Flow<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p dir=\"auto\" data-start=\"16144\" data-end=\"16219\">Once capacity is known, required chilled-water flow can also be calculated.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"auto\" data-start=\"16221\" data-end=\"16235\"><strong>Starting with:<\/strong><\/p>\n<h3 dir=\"auto\" data-section-id=\"mxy044\" data-start=\"16237\" data-end=\"16260\"><span role=\"text\"><strong data-start=\"16241\" data-end=\"16260\">Q = m \u00d7 Cp \u00d7 \u0394T<\/strong><\/span><\/h3>\n<p dir=\"auto\" data-start=\"16262\" data-end=\"16272\"><strong>Rearrange:<\/strong><\/p>\n<h3 dir=\"auto\" data-section-id=\"jrzrud\" data-start=\"16274\" data-end=\"16299\"><span role=\"text\"><strong data-start=\"16278\" data-end=\"16299\">m = Q \u00f7 (Cp \u00d7 \u0394T)<\/strong><\/span><\/h3>\n<p dir=\"auto\" data-start=\"16301\" data-end=\"16313\"><strong>For example:<\/strong><\/p>\n<p dir=\"auto\" data-start=\"16315\" data-end=\"16332\"><strong>Cooling capacity:<\/strong><\/p>\n<p dir=\"auto\" data-start=\"16334\" data-end=\"16344\"><strong data-start=\"16334\" data-end=\"16344\">500 kW<\/strong><\/p>\n<p dir=\"auto\" data-start=\"16346\" data-end=\"16349\"><strong>\u0394T:<\/strong><\/p>\n<p dir=\"auto\" data-start=\"16351\" data-end=\"16358\"><strong data-start=\"16351\" data-end=\"16358\">5\u00b0C<\/strong><\/p>\n<p dir=\"auto\" data-start=\"16360\" data-end=\"16379\"><strong>Then approximately:<\/strong><\/p>\n<p dir=\"auto\" data-start=\"16381\" data-end=\"16406\"><strong data-start=\"16381\" data-end=\"16406\">m = 500 \u00f7 (4.186 \u00d7 5)<\/strong><\/p>\n<h3 dir=\"auto\" data-section-id=\"1rojw3p\" data-start=\"16408\" data-end=\"16429\"><span role=\"text\"><strong data-start=\"16412\" data-end=\"16429\">m \u2248 23.9 kg\/s<\/strong><\/span><\/h3>\n<p dir=\"auto\" data-start=\"16431\" data-end=\"16476\"><strong>For water, this corresponds approximately to:<\/strong><\/p>\n<h3 dir=\"auto\" data-section-id=\"15825xc\" data-start=\"16478\" data-end=\"16494\"><span role=\"text\"><strong data-start=\"16482\" data-end=\"16494\">23.9 L\/s<\/strong><\/span><\/h3>\n<p dir=\"auto\" data-start=\"16496\" data-end=\"16499\"><strong>or:<\/strong><\/p>\n<h3 dir=\"auto\" data-section-id=\"1q1nn1t\" data-start=\"16501\" data-end=\"16516\"><span role=\"text\"><strong data-start=\"16505\" data-end=\"16516\">86 m\u00b3\/h<\/strong><\/span><\/h3>\n<p dir=\"auto\" data-start=\"16518\" data-end=\"16564\">This is a simplified illustrative calculation.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"auto\" data-start=\"16566\" data-end=\"16664\">Actual design should account for fluid properties, design temperatures and hydraulic requirements.<\/p>\n<hr data-start=\"16666\" data-end=\"16669\" \/>\n<h2 dir=\"auto\" data-section-id=\"xlj0p5\" data-start=\"16671\" data-end=\"16700\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Why_Chiller_%CE%94T_Is_Important\"><\/span>Why Chiller \u0394T Is Important<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p dir=\"auto\" data-start=\"16702\" data-end=\"16783\">A low chilled-water \u0394T can result in higher water flow for the same cooling load.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"auto\" data-start=\"16785\" data-end=\"16806\"><strong>Higher flow can mean:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul data-start=\"16808\" data-end=\"16876\">\n<li data-section-id=\"1xhnawo\" data-start=\"16808\" data-end=\"16822\">Larger pipes<\/li>\n<li data-section-id=\"1tb2n2j\" data-start=\"16823\" data-end=\"16843\">Higher pump energy<\/li>\n<li data-section-id=\"n6xxwm\" data-start=\"16844\" data-end=\"16876\">Different control requirements<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p dir=\"auto\" data-start=\"16878\" data-end=\"16947\">Therefore, the designer should consider the complete hydronic system.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"auto\" data-start=\"16949\" data-end=\"17008\"><strong>This is why chiller selection should not be separated from:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul data-start=\"17010\" data-end=\"17118\">\n<li data-section-id=\"1hp3kg\" data-start=\"17010\" data-end=\"17026\">Pump selection<\/li>\n<li data-section-id=\"ax76tg\" data-start=\"17027\" data-end=\"17040\">Pipe sizing<\/li>\n<li data-section-id=\"2v35rx\" data-start=\"17041\" data-end=\"17061\">AHU coil selection<\/li>\n<li data-section-id=\"mvxyt4\" data-start=\"17062\" data-end=\"17077\">FCU selection<\/li>\n<li data-section-id=\"brq556\" data-start=\"17078\" data-end=\"17103\">Control-valve selection<\/li>\n<li data-section-id=\"jrfmgf\" data-start=\"17104\" data-end=\"17118\">BMS strategy<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<hr data-start=\"17120\" data-end=\"17123\" \/>\n<h2 dir=\"auto\" data-section-id=\"t2cnnj\" data-start=\"17125\" data-end=\"17173\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Chiller_Capacity_Calculation_Mistakes_to_Avoid\"><\/span>Chiller Capacity Calculation Mistakes to Avoid<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<h3 dir=\"auto\" data-section-id=\"etg7n5\" data-start=\"17175\" data-end=\"17213\">Mistake 1: Using Only Building Area<\/h3>\n<p dir=\"auto\" data-start=\"17215\" data-end=\"17223\"><strong>Example:<\/strong><\/p>\n<blockquote data-start=\"17225\" data-end=\"17276\">\n<p dir=\"auto\" data-start=\"17227\" data-end=\"17276\">\u201cThe building is 100,000 sq ft, so we need X TR.\u201d<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<p dir=\"auto\" data-start=\"17278\" data-end=\"17327\">This is only a rough preliminary concept at best.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"auto\" data-start=\"17329\" data-end=\"17409\">A proper calculation should consider actual heat gains and operating conditions.<\/p>\n<hr data-start=\"17411\" data-end=\"17414\" \/>\n<h3 dir=\"auto\" data-section-id=\"1086lt7\" data-start=\"17416\" data-end=\"17455\">Mistake 2: Ignoring Ventilation Load<\/h3>\n<p dir=\"auto\" data-start=\"17457\" data-end=\"17521\">Fresh air can contribute both sensible and latent cooling loads.<\/p>\n<hr data-start=\"17523\" data-end=\"17526\" \/>\n<h3 dir=\"auto\" data-section-id=\"9pfhsf\" data-start=\"17528\" data-end=\"17565\">Mistake 3: Ignoring Equipment Heat<\/h3>\n<p dir=\"auto\" data-start=\"17567\" data-end=\"17652\">Computers, machinery, lighting and process equipment can contribute significant heat.<\/p>\n<hr data-start=\"17654\" data-end=\"17657\" \/>\n<h3 dir=\"auto\" data-section-id=\"15qou5g\" data-start=\"17659\" data-end=\"17695\">Mistake 4: Ignoring Process Loads<\/h3>\n<p dir=\"auto\" data-start=\"17697\" data-end=\"17767\">Industrial facilities should include process heat wherever applicable.<\/p>\n<hr data-start=\"17769\" data-end=\"17772\" \/>\n<h3 dir=\"auto\" data-section-id=\"barkhi\" data-start=\"17774\" data-end=\"17820\">Mistake 5: Selecting Only One Large Chiller<\/h3>\n<p dir=\"auto\" data-start=\"17822\" data-end=\"17912\">Multiple chillers may provide better staging and redundancy depending on the load profile.<\/p>\n<hr data-start=\"17914\" data-end=\"17917\" \/>\n<h3 dir=\"auto\" data-section-id=\"c2xv0x\" data-start=\"17919\" data-end=\"17961\">Mistake 6: Ignoring Part-Load Operation<\/h3>\n<p dir=\"auto\" data-start=\"17963\" data-end=\"18028\">The chiller may spend much of its operating life below peak load.<\/p>\n<hr data-start=\"18030\" data-end=\"18033\" \/>\n<h3 dir=\"auto\" data-section-id=\"d7gvc5\" data-start=\"18035\" data-end=\"18088\">Mistake 7: Confusing Cooling kW With Electrical kW<\/h3>\n<p dir=\"auto\" data-start=\"18090\" data-end=\"18134\"><strong data-start=\"18090\" data-end=\"18134\">Cooling output kW \u2260 electrical input kW.<\/strong><\/p>\n<hr data-start=\"18136\" data-end=\"18139\" \/>\n<h3 dir=\"auto\" data-section-id=\"1fwwfvm\" data-start=\"18141\" data-end=\"18185\">Mistake 8: Applying a Blind Safety Factor<\/h3>\n<p dir=\"auto\" data-start=\"18187\" data-end=\"18238\">Oversizing should not replace accurate engineering.<\/p>\n<hr data-start=\"18240\" data-end=\"18243\" \/>\n<h2 dir=\"auto\" data-section-id=\"n0gm9w\" data-start=\"18245\" data-end=\"18297\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Chiller_Capacity_Calculation_Step-by-Step_Process\"><\/span>Chiller Capacity Calculation: Step-by-Step Process<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p dir=\"auto\" data-start=\"18299\" data-end=\"18351\"><strong>A professional calculation can follow this sequence:<\/strong><\/p>\n<h3 dir=\"auto\" data-section-id=\"n7iic9\" data-start=\"18353\" data-end=\"18388\">Step 1 \u2014 Understand the Project<\/h3>\n<p dir=\"auto\" data-start=\"18390\" data-end=\"18399\"><strong>Identify:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul data-start=\"18401\" data-end=\"18469\">\n<li data-section-id=\"1shgm9y\" data-start=\"18401\" data-end=\"18416\">Building type<\/li>\n<li data-section-id=\"n2ot0j\" data-start=\"18417\" data-end=\"18426\">Process<\/li>\n<li data-section-id=\"3ic6c5\" data-start=\"18427\" data-end=\"18437\">Location<\/li>\n<li data-section-id=\"q5gtza\" data-start=\"18438\" data-end=\"18455\">Operating hours<\/li>\n<li data-section-id=\"1h62idj\" data-start=\"18456\" data-end=\"18469\">Criticality<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3 dir=\"auto\" data-section-id=\"1beaepp\" data-start=\"18474\" data-end=\"18520\">Step 2 \u2014 Collect Architectural Information<\/h3>\n<p dir=\"auto\" data-start=\"18522\" data-end=\"18529\"><strong>Review:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul data-start=\"18531\" data-end=\"18594\">\n<li data-section-id=\"13udsnk\" data-start=\"18531\" data-end=\"18544\">Floor plans<\/li>\n<li data-section-id=\"1torla6\" data-start=\"18545\" data-end=\"18558\">Orientation<\/li>\n<li data-section-id=\"1700qyq\" data-start=\"18559\" data-end=\"18566\">Glass<\/li>\n<li data-section-id=\"17bf4p9\" data-start=\"18567\" data-end=\"18574\">Walls<\/li>\n<li data-section-id=\"1j4e6kc\" data-start=\"18575\" data-end=\"18581\">Roof<\/li>\n<li data-section-id=\"1rla3w8\" data-start=\"18582\" data-end=\"18594\">Insulation<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3 dir=\"auto\" data-section-id=\"bgjtkt\" data-start=\"18599\" data-end=\"18632\">Step 3 \u2014 Calculate Heat Gains<\/h3>\n<p dir=\"auto\" data-start=\"18634\" data-end=\"18642\"><strong>Include:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul data-start=\"18644\" data-end=\"18715\">\n<li data-section-id=\"178k6uj\" data-start=\"18644\" data-end=\"18651\">Solar<\/li>\n<li data-section-id=\"1857fsn\" data-start=\"18652\" data-end=\"18663\">Occupancy<\/li>\n<li data-section-id=\"1ltr4ja\" data-start=\"18664\" data-end=\"18674\">Lighting<\/li>\n<li data-section-id=\"1jcwn9e\" data-start=\"18675\" data-end=\"18686\">Equipment<\/li>\n<li data-section-id=\"1ys04qh\" data-start=\"18687\" data-end=\"18700\">Ventilation<\/li>\n<li data-section-id=\"1y8ar9z\" data-start=\"18701\" data-end=\"18715\">Infiltration<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3 dir=\"auto\" data-section-id=\"1n1q77v\" data-start=\"18720\" data-end=\"18750\">Step 4 \u2014 Add Process Loads<\/h3>\n<p dir=\"auto\" data-start=\"18752\" data-end=\"18769\"><strong>Where applicable:<\/strong><\/p>\n<p dir=\"auto\" data-start=\"18771\" data-end=\"18820\"><strong data-start=\"18771\" data-end=\"18820\">Machine Heat + Process Heat + Product Cooling<\/strong><\/p>\n<h3 dir=\"auto\" data-section-id=\"1t35zim\" data-start=\"18825\" data-end=\"18865\">Step 5 \u2014 Determine Peak Cooling Load<\/h3>\n<p dir=\"auto\" data-start=\"18867\" data-end=\"18908\">Establish the design cooling requirement.<\/p>\n<h3 dir=\"auto\" data-section-id=\"q1hupl\" data-start=\"18913\" data-end=\"18941\">Step 6 \u2014 Apply Diversity<\/h3>\n<p dir=\"auto\" data-start=\"18943\" data-end=\"18996\">Evaluate whether all zones reach peak simultaneously.<\/p>\n<h3 dir=\"auto\" data-section-id=\"1ujb4zl\" data-start=\"19001\" data-end=\"19048\">Step 7 \u2014 Determine Chilled-Water Conditions<\/h3>\n<p dir=\"auto\" data-start=\"19050\" data-end=\"19057\"><strong>Define:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul data-start=\"19059\" data-end=\"19112\">\n<li data-section-id=\"mpl3r\" data-start=\"19059\" data-end=\"19079\">Supply temperature<\/li>\n<li data-section-id=\"1b7fhym\" data-start=\"19080\" data-end=\"19100\">Return temperature<\/li>\n<li data-section-id=\"yhm5t4\" data-start=\"19101\" data-end=\"19105\">\u0394T<\/li>\n<li data-section-id=\"1j44x2y\" data-start=\"19106\" data-end=\"19112\">Flow<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3 dir=\"auto\" data-section-id=\"1t3o785\" data-start=\"19117\" data-end=\"19158\">Step 8 \u2014 Select Chiller Configuration<\/h3>\n<p dir=\"auto\" data-start=\"19160\" data-end=\"19169\"><strong>Evaluate:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul data-start=\"19171\" data-end=\"19243\">\n<li data-section-id=\"mncbo1\" data-start=\"19171\" data-end=\"19183\">Air-cooled<\/li>\n<li data-section-id=\"ab82vy\" data-start=\"19184\" data-end=\"19198\">Water-cooled<\/li>\n<li data-section-id=\"1r31xfo\" data-start=\"19199\" data-end=\"19219\">Number of chillers<\/li>\n<li data-section-id=\"yil0yk\" data-start=\"19220\" data-end=\"19230\">Capacity<\/li>\n<li data-section-id=\"1qdc4wh\" data-start=\"19231\" data-end=\"19243\">Redundancy<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p dir=\"auto\" data-start=\"19245\" data-end=\"19246\">\u2193<\/p>\n<h3 dir=\"auto\" data-section-id=\"hejafv\" data-start=\"19248\" data-end=\"19288\">Step 9 \u2014 Check Part-Load Performance<\/h3>\n<p dir=\"auto\" data-start=\"19290\" data-end=\"19319\">Evaluate actual load profile.<\/p>\n<h3 dir=\"auto\" data-section-id=\"op5xrg\" data-start=\"19324\" data-end=\"19374\">Step 10 \u2014 Select Pumps and Ancillary Equipment<\/h3>\n<p dir=\"auto\" data-start=\"19376\" data-end=\"19384\"><strong>Include:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul data-start=\"19386\" data-end=\"19478\">\n<li data-section-id=\"178kj6g\" data-start=\"19386\" data-end=\"19407\">Chilled-water pumps<\/li>\n<li data-section-id=\"1lfjrfz\" data-start=\"19408\" data-end=\"19424\">Cooling towers<\/li>\n<li data-section-id=\"xp6xpu\" data-start=\"19425\" data-end=\"19448\">Condenser-water pumps<\/li>\n<li data-section-id=\"1yx1nuc\" data-start=\"19449\" data-end=\"19467\">Expansion system<\/li>\n<li data-section-id=\"1kltnwc\" data-start=\"19468\" data-end=\"19478\">Controls<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3 dir=\"auto\" data-section-id=\"ayjslk\" data-start=\"19483\" data-end=\"19516\">Step 11 \u2014 Design Distribution<\/h3>\n<p dir=\"auto\" data-start=\"19518\" data-end=\"19529\"><strong>Coordinate:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul data-start=\"19531\" data-end=\"19573\">\n<li data-section-id=\"1j41sqv\" data-start=\"19531\" data-end=\"19537\">AHUs<\/li>\n<li data-section-id=\"1j45wa3\" data-start=\"19538\" data-end=\"19544\">FCUs<\/li>\n<li data-section-id=\"30pbk1\" data-start=\"19545\" data-end=\"19553\">Piping<\/li>\n<li data-section-id=\"9koicz\" data-start=\"19554\" data-end=\"19562\">Valves<\/li>\n<li data-section-id=\"1kltnwc\" data-start=\"19563\" data-end=\"19573\">Controls<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3 dir=\"auto\" data-section-id=\"10bqf2q\" data-start=\"19578\" data-end=\"19613\">Step 12 \u2014 Commission the System<\/h3>\n<p dir=\"auto\" data-start=\"19615\" data-end=\"19622\"><strong>Verify:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul data-start=\"19624\" data-end=\"19699\">\n<li data-section-id=\"1j44x2y\" data-start=\"19624\" data-end=\"19630\">Flow<\/li>\n<li data-section-id=\"1gu81mf\" data-start=\"19631\" data-end=\"19645\">Temperatures<\/li>\n<li data-section-id=\"39yo7y\" data-start=\"19646\" data-end=\"19657\">Pressures<\/li>\n<li data-section-id=\"16hq76o\" data-start=\"19658\" data-end=\"19667\">Airflow<\/li>\n<li data-section-id=\"1kltnwc\" data-start=\"19668\" data-end=\"19678\">Controls<\/li>\n<li data-section-id=\"1w2h34l\" data-start=\"19679\" data-end=\"19699\">System performance<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p dir=\"auto\" data-start=\"19701\" data-end=\"19897\">VIPUL&#8217;s published chiller installation process similarly starts with site assessment and cooling-load calculation before chiller selection and plant design.<\/p>\n<hr data-start=\"19899\" data-end=\"19902\" \/>\n<h2 dir=\"auto\" data-section-id=\"dsqql9\" data-start=\"19904\" data-end=\"19966\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"What_Information_Is_Needed_for_Chiller_Capacity_Calculation\"><\/span>What Information Is Needed for Chiller Capacity Calculation?<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p dir=\"auto\" data-start=\"19968\" data-end=\"20022\"><strong>To calculate a commercial chiller accurately, collect:<\/strong><\/p>\n<h3 dir=\"auto\" data-section-id=\"xaakbg\" data-start=\"20024\" data-end=\"20048\">Building Information<\/h3>\n<ul data-start=\"20050\" data-end=\"20181\">\n<li data-section-id=\"1shumrt\" data-start=\"20050\" data-end=\"20065\">Building area<\/li>\n<li data-section-id=\"vvqca1\" data-start=\"20066\" data-end=\"20084\">Number of floors<\/li>\n<li data-section-id=\"jlyb8\" data-start=\"20085\" data-end=\"20101\">Ceiling height<\/li>\n<li data-section-id=\"1torla6\" data-start=\"20102\" data-end=\"20115\">Orientation<\/li>\n<li data-section-id=\"qmq4c5\" data-start=\"20116\" data-end=\"20128\">Glass area<\/li>\n<li data-section-id=\"1y50q1v\" data-start=\"20129\" data-end=\"20148\">Wall construction<\/li>\n<li data-section-id=\"1a5ntlt\" data-start=\"20149\" data-end=\"20168\">Roof construction<\/li>\n<li data-section-id=\"1rla3w8\" data-start=\"20169\" data-end=\"20181\">Insulation<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3 dir=\"auto\" data-section-id=\"ehc3o9\" data-start=\"20183\" data-end=\"20196\">Occupancy<\/h3>\n<ul data-start=\"20198\" data-end=\"20237\">\n<li data-section-id=\"12exc9t\" data-start=\"20198\" data-end=\"20216\">Number of people<\/li>\n<li data-section-id=\"1ybo9hu\" data-start=\"20217\" data-end=\"20237\">Occupancy schedule<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3 dir=\"auto\" data-section-id=\"1powk6k\" data-start=\"20239\" data-end=\"20252\">Equipment<\/h3>\n<ul data-start=\"20254\" data-end=\"20310\">\n<li data-section-id=\"f5o9i4\" data-start=\"20254\" data-end=\"20265\">Computers<\/li>\n<li data-section-id=\"1vlqzye\" data-start=\"20266\" data-end=\"20277\">Machinery<\/li>\n<li data-section-id=\"1v4cowu\" data-start=\"20278\" data-end=\"20287\">Servers<\/li>\n<li data-section-id=\"e75rk1\" data-start=\"20288\" data-end=\"20310\">Production equipment<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3 dir=\"auto\" data-section-id=\"1izbr4o\" data-start=\"20312\" data-end=\"20324\">Lighting<\/h3>\n<ul data-start=\"20326\" data-end=\"20362\">\n<li data-section-id=\"vxercg\" data-start=\"20326\" data-end=\"20341\">Lighting load<\/li>\n<li data-section-id=\"xpqc0\" data-start=\"20342\" data-end=\"20362\">Operating schedule<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3 dir=\"auto\" data-section-id=\"1hl1utz\" data-start=\"20364\" data-end=\"20379\">Ventilation<\/h3>\n<ul data-start=\"20381\" data-end=\"20424\">\n<li data-section-id=\"p76dz1\" data-start=\"20381\" data-end=\"20396\">Fresh-air CFM<\/li>\n<li data-section-id=\"vmrxc2\" data-start=\"20397\" data-end=\"20424\">Outdoor design conditions<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3 dir=\"auto\" data-section-id=\"ynn56i\" data-start=\"20426\" data-end=\"20434\">HVAC<\/h3>\n<ul data-start=\"20436\" data-end=\"20514\">\n<li data-section-id=\"pz0wvw\" data-start=\"20436\" data-end=\"20449\">AHU airflow<\/li>\n<li data-section-id=\"1h3rre4\" data-start=\"20450\" data-end=\"20464\">FCU capacity<\/li>\n<li data-section-id=\"z7om9s\" data-start=\"20465\" data-end=\"20489\">Supply-air temperature<\/li>\n<li data-section-id=\"zxth15\" data-start=\"20490\" data-end=\"20514\">Return-air temperature<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3 dir=\"auto\" data-section-id=\"r5wqts\" data-start=\"20516\" data-end=\"20533\">Chilled Water<\/h3>\n<ul data-start=\"20535\" data-end=\"20569\">\n<li data-section-id=\"1j40cmf\" data-start=\"20535\" data-end=\"20541\">CHWS<\/li>\n<li data-section-id=\"1j40cme\" data-start=\"20542\" data-end=\"20548\">CHWR<\/li>\n<li data-section-id=\"1ugihpd\" data-start=\"20549\" data-end=\"20562\">Required \u0394T<\/li>\n<li data-section-id=\"1j44x2y\" data-start=\"20563\" data-end=\"20569\">Flow<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3 dir=\"auto\" data-section-id=\"m56qcq\" data-start=\"20571\" data-end=\"20593\">Industrial Process<\/h3>\n<ul data-start=\"20595\" data-end=\"20690\">\n<li data-section-id=\"1gclg59\" data-start=\"20595\" data-end=\"20614\">Process heat load<\/li>\n<li data-section-id=\"gmyfky\" data-start=\"20615\" data-end=\"20627\">Fluid type<\/li>\n<li data-section-id=\"1jql5co\" data-start=\"20628\" data-end=\"20639\">Flow rate<\/li>\n<li data-section-id=\"14lqu66\" data-start=\"20640\" data-end=\"20669\">Required supply temperature<\/li>\n<li data-section-id=\"1b7fhym\" data-start=\"20670\" data-end=\"20690\">Return temperature<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<hr data-start=\"20692\" data-end=\"20695\" \/>\n<h2 dir=\"auto\" data-section-id=\"1b82cl1\" data-start=\"20697\" data-end=\"20734\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Chiller_Capacity_Calculator_Formula\"><\/span>Chiller Capacity Calculator Formula<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p dir=\"auto\" data-start=\"20736\" data-end=\"20819\"><strong>For your HVAC calculator or website tool, you can present the basic calculation as:<\/strong><\/p>\n<h3 dir=\"auto\" data-section-id=\"75wq40\" data-start=\"20821\" data-end=\"20830\">Input<\/h3>\n<p dir=\"auto\" data-start=\"20832\" data-end=\"20853\"><strong data-start=\"20832\" data-end=\"20853\">Cooling Load (kW)<\/strong><\/p>\n<h3 dir=\"auto\" data-section-id=\"48h0qw\" data-start=\"20855\" data-end=\"20866\">Formula<\/h3>\n<p dir=\"auto\" data-start=\"20868\" data-end=\"20897\"><strong data-start=\"20868\" data-end=\"20897\">TR = Cooling Load \u00f7 3.517<\/strong><\/p>\n<p dir=\"auto\" data-start=\"20899\" data-end=\"20902\"><strong>Or:<\/strong><\/p>\n<h3 dir=\"auto\" data-section-id=\"nbnrr7\" data-start=\"20904\" data-end=\"20914\">Inputs<\/h3>\n<p dir=\"auto\" data-start=\"20916\" data-end=\"20996\"><strong data-start=\"20916\" data-end=\"20936\">Water Flow (L\/s)<\/strong><br data-start=\"20936\" data-end=\"20939\" \/><strong data-start=\"20939\" data-end=\"20966\">Supply Temperature (\u00b0C)<\/strong><br data-start=\"20966\" data-end=\"20969\" \/><strong data-start=\"20969\" data-end=\"20996\">Return Temperature (\u00b0C)<\/strong><\/p>\n<h3 dir=\"auto\" data-section-id=\"48h0qw\" data-start=\"20998\" data-end=\"21009\">Formula<\/h3>\n<p dir=\"auto\" data-start=\"21011\" data-end=\"21059\"><strong data-start=\"21011\" data-end=\"21059\">\u0394T = Return Temperature \u2212 Supply Temperature<\/strong><\/p>\n<p dir=\"auto\" data-start=\"21061\" data-end=\"21102\"><strong data-start=\"21061\" data-end=\"21102\">Cooling Load (kW) = 4.186 \u00d7 Flow \u00d7 \u0394T<\/strong><\/p>\n<p dir=\"auto\" data-start=\"21104\" data-end=\"21133\"><strong data-start=\"21104\" data-end=\"21133\">TR = Cooling Load \u00f7 3.517<\/strong><\/p>\n<p dir=\"auto\" data-start=\"21135\" data-end=\"21216\">This can form the basic calculation engine for a <strong data-start=\"21184\" data-end=\"21215\">Chiller Capacity Calculator<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"auto\" data-start=\"21218\" data-end=\"21373\">For an actual engineering tool, additional fields can be added for fluid type, glycol concentration, design conditions, redundancy and plant configuration.<\/p>\n<hr data-start=\"21375\" data-end=\"21378\" \/>\n<h2 dir=\"auto\" data-section-id=\"1yq7fjd\" data-start=\"21380\" data-end=\"21418\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Example_Chiller_Capacity_Calculator\"><\/span>Example: Chiller Capacity Calculator<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<h3 dir=\"auto\" data-section-id=\"75wq40\" data-start=\"21420\" data-end=\"21429\">Input<\/h3>\n<p dir=\"auto\" data-start=\"21431\" data-end=\"21450\"><strong>Chilled-water flow:<\/strong><\/p>\n<p dir=\"auto\" data-start=\"21452\" data-end=\"21462\"><strong data-start=\"21452\" data-end=\"21462\">50 L\/s<\/strong><\/p>\n<p dir=\"auto\" data-start=\"21464\" data-end=\"21483\"><strong>Supply temperature:<\/strong><\/p>\n<p dir=\"auto\" data-start=\"21485\" data-end=\"21492\"><strong data-start=\"21485\" data-end=\"21492\">7\u00b0C<\/strong><\/p>\n<p dir=\"auto\" data-start=\"21494\" data-end=\"21513\"><strong>Return temperature:<\/strong><\/p>\n<p dir=\"auto\" data-start=\"21515\" data-end=\"21523\"><strong data-start=\"21515\" data-end=\"21523\">12\u00b0C<\/strong><\/p>\n<h3 dir=\"auto\" data-section-id=\"onaaw5\" data-start=\"21525\" data-end=\"21535\">Step 1<\/h3>\n<p dir=\"auto\" data-start=\"21537\" data-end=\"21540\"><strong>\u0394T:<\/strong><\/p>\n<p dir=\"auto\" data-start=\"21542\" data-end=\"21558\"><strong data-start=\"21542\" data-end=\"21558\">12 \u2212 7 = 5\u00b0C<\/strong><\/p>\n<h3 dir=\"auto\" data-section-id=\"onaaw6\" data-start=\"21560\" data-end=\"21570\">Step 2<\/h3>\n<p dir=\"auto\" data-start=\"21572\" data-end=\"21589\"><strong>Cooling capacity:<\/strong><\/p>\n<p dir=\"auto\" data-start=\"21591\" data-end=\"21609\"><strong data-start=\"21591\" data-end=\"21609\">4.186 \u00d7 50 \u00d7 5<\/strong><\/p>\n<p dir=\"auto\" data-start=\"21611\" data-end=\"21627\">= <strong data-start=\"21613\" data-end=\"21627\">1,046.5 kW<\/strong><\/p>\n<h3 dir=\"auto\" data-section-id=\"onaaw7\" data-start=\"21629\" data-end=\"21639\">Step 3<\/h3>\n<p dir=\"auto\" data-start=\"21641\" data-end=\"21655\"><strong>Convert to TR:<\/strong><\/p>\n<p dir=\"auto\" data-start=\"21657\" data-end=\"21676\"><strong data-start=\"21657\" data-end=\"21676\">1,046.5 \u00f7 3.517<\/strong><\/p>\n<h3 dir=\"auto\" data-section-id=\"1ff5q18\" data-start=\"21678\" data-end=\"21692\">\u2248 297.6 TR<\/h3>\n<p dir=\"auto\" data-start=\"21694\" data-end=\"21746\"><strong>So the calculated cooling transfer is approximately:<\/strong><\/p>\n<h3 dir=\"auto\" data-section-id=\"1uf8wkw\" data-start=\"21748\" data-end=\"21761\"><span role=\"text\"><strong data-start=\"21751\" data-end=\"21761\">298 TR<\/strong><\/span><\/h3>\n<p dir=\"auto\" data-start=\"21763\" data-end=\"21873\">Again, this is a mathematical example and should not be treated as a final equipment-selection recommendation.<\/p>\n<hr data-start=\"21875\" data-end=\"21878\" \/>\n<h2 dir=\"auto\" data-section-id=\"180lfow\" data-start=\"21880\" data-end=\"21919\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Chiller_Capacity_and_Future_Expansion\"><\/span>Chiller Capacity and Future Expansion<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p dir=\"auto\" data-start=\"21921\" data-end=\"21954\"><strong>A building may initially require:<\/strong><\/p>\n<p dir=\"auto\" data-start=\"21956\" data-end=\"21966\"><strong data-start=\"21956\" data-end=\"21966\">500 TR<\/strong><\/p>\n<p dir=\"auto\" data-start=\"21968\" data-end=\"22007\"><strong>but expansion may increase the load to:<\/strong><\/p>\n<p dir=\"auto\" data-start=\"22009\" data-end=\"22019\"><strong data-start=\"22009\" data-end=\"22019\">700 TR<\/strong><\/p>\n<p dir=\"auto\" data-start=\"22021\" data-end=\"22083\"><strong>A good plant strategy may consider future requirements during:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul data-start=\"22085\" data-end=\"22198\">\n<li data-section-id=\"5nqmao\" data-start=\"22085\" data-end=\"22106\">Plant-room planning<\/li>\n<li data-section-id=\"ax76tg\" data-start=\"22107\" data-end=\"22120\">Pipe sizing<\/li>\n<li data-section-id=\"1k4t89n\" data-start=\"22121\" data-end=\"22142\">Electrical planning<\/li>\n<li data-section-id=\"1asd9vh\" data-start=\"22143\" data-end=\"22162\">Chiller selection<\/li>\n<li data-section-id=\"38lee9\" data-start=\"22163\" data-end=\"22181\">BMS architecture<\/li>\n<li data-section-id=\"1hp3kg\" data-start=\"22182\" data-end=\"22198\">Pump selection<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p dir=\"auto\" data-start=\"22200\" data-end=\"22329\">However, future capacity should be evaluated economically rather than automatically installing a large amount of unused capacity.<\/p>\n<hr data-start=\"22331\" data-end=\"22334\" \/>\n<h2 dir=\"auto\" data-section-id=\"1n4iads\" data-start=\"22336\" data-end=\"22386\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"VIPUL_HVAC_Chiller_Capacity_Calculation_Design\"><\/span>VIPUL HVAC Chiller Capacity Calculation &amp; Design<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p dir=\"auto\" data-start=\"22388\" data-end=\"22495\">VIPUL HVAC Solution Pvt. Ltd. provides engineered chiller solutions for commercial and industrial projects.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"auto\" data-start=\"22497\" data-end=\"22536\"><strong>Its current chiller portfolio includes:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul data-start=\"22538\" data-end=\"22719\">\n<li data-section-id=\"ngsvpz\" data-start=\"22538\" data-end=\"22559\">Air-cooled chillers<\/li>\n<li data-section-id=\"730iyg\" data-start=\"22560\" data-end=\"22583\">Water-cooled chillers<\/li>\n<li data-section-id=\"1iw2240\" data-start=\"22584\" data-end=\"22622\"><strong data-start=\"22586\" data-end=\"22607\">20 TR to 1000+ TR<\/strong> capacity range<\/li>\n<li data-section-id=\"kam9sg\" data-start=\"22623\" data-end=\"22642\">Screw compressors<\/li>\n<li data-section-id=\"15mhonh\" data-start=\"22643\" data-end=\"22663\">Scroll compressors<\/li>\n<li data-section-id=\"nubsim\" data-start=\"22664\" data-end=\"22689\">Centrifugal compressors<\/li>\n<li data-section-id=\"skt6jf\" data-start=\"22690\" data-end=\"22719\">PLC\/BMS-compatible controls<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p dir=\"auto\" data-start=\"22721\" data-end=\"22920\">The published capacity range is a portfolio indication; the actual project capacity should be determined through cooling-load analysis and technical selection.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"auto\" data-start=\"22922\" data-end=\"22963\"><strong>VIPUL&#8217;s chiller project support includes:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul data-start=\"22965\" data-end=\"23208\">\n<li data-section-id=\"kf0v7h\" data-start=\"22965\" data-end=\"22978\">Site survey<\/li>\n<li data-section-id=\"1rl9htx\" data-start=\"22979\" data-end=\"23005\">Cooling-load calculation<\/li>\n<li data-section-id=\"1asd9vh\" data-start=\"23006\" data-end=\"23025\">Chiller selection<\/li>\n<li data-section-id=\"1hp3kg\" data-start=\"23026\" data-end=\"23042\">Pump selection<\/li>\n<li data-section-id=\"1v7p55d\" data-start=\"23043\" data-end=\"23068\">Cooling-tower selection<\/li>\n<li data-section-id=\"60drwa\" data-start=\"23069\" data-end=\"23091\">Chilled-water piping<\/li>\n<li data-section-id=\"1a3j6kw\" data-start=\"23092\" data-end=\"23116\">Condenser-water piping<\/li>\n<li data-section-id=\"4xzy0g\" data-start=\"23117\" data-end=\"23149\">Electrical\/control integration<\/li>\n<li data-section-id=\"19quzku\" data-start=\"23150\" data-end=\"23159\">Testing<\/li>\n<li data-section-id=\"akz4v9\" data-start=\"23160\" data-end=\"23175\">Commissioning<\/li>\n<li data-section-id=\"itb3bl\" data-start=\"23176\" data-end=\"23202\">Performance optimization<\/li>\n<li data-section-id=\"1o4f47\" data-start=\"23203\" data-end=\"23208\">AMC<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<hr data-start=\"23251\" data-end=\"23254\" \/>\n<h2 dir=\"auto\" data-section-id=\"xekk3k\" data-start=\"23256\" data-end=\"23301\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Why_Choose_VIPUL_HVAC_for_Chiller_Projects\"><\/span>Why Choose VIPUL HVAC for Chiller Projects?<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p dir=\"auto\" data-start=\"23303\" data-end=\"23363\">A chiller is only one component of a complete cooling plant.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"auto\" data-start=\"23365\" data-end=\"23413\"><strong>VIPUL can support the broader system, including:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li dir=\"auto\" data-section-id=\"1raz3xv\" data-start=\"23415\" data-end=\"23426\">Chiller<\/li>\n<li dir=\"auto\" data-section-id=\"1raz3xv\" data-start=\"23415\" data-end=\"23426\">Pumps<\/li>\n<li dir=\"auto\" data-section-id=\"1raz3xv\" data-start=\"23415\" data-end=\"23426\">Chilled-Water Piping<\/li>\n<li dir=\"auto\" data-section-id=\"1raz3xv\" data-start=\"23415\" data-end=\"23426\">AHUs \/ FCUs<\/li>\n<li dir=\"auto\" data-section-id=\"1raz3xv\" data-start=\"23415\" data-end=\"23426\">Ductwork<\/li>\n<li dir=\"auto\" data-section-id=\"1raz3xv\" data-start=\"23415\" data-end=\"23426\">Controls \/ BMS<\/li>\n<li dir=\"auto\" data-section-id=\"1raz3xv\" data-start=\"23415\" data-end=\"23426\">Testing &amp; Commissioning<\/li>\n<li dir=\"auto\" data-section-id=\"1raz3xv\" data-start=\"23415\" data-end=\"23426\">AMC<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p dir=\"auto\" data-start=\"23575\" data-end=\"23707\">This integrated approach helps ensure that the chiller capacity, water flow, airside equipment and controls are considered together.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"auto\" data-start=\"23709\" data-end=\"23925\">VIPUL&#8217;s current chiller solutions cover commercial and industrial applications, including system design, equipment integration, piping, controls, commissioning and maintenance.<\/p>\n<hr data-start=\"23927\" data-end=\"23930\" \/>\n<h2 dir=\"auto\" data-section-id=\"hkd5a4\" data-start=\"23932\" data-end=\"23960\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Frequently_Asked_Questions\"><\/span>Frequently Asked Questions<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<h3 dir=\"auto\" data-section-id=\"19z4m5q\" data-start=\"23962\" data-end=\"24018\">What is the formula for chiller capacity calculation?<\/h3>\n<p dir=\"auto\" data-start=\"24020\" data-end=\"24055\"><strong>The basic chilled-water formula is:<\/strong><\/p>\n<p dir=\"auto\" data-start=\"24057\" data-end=\"24076\"><strong data-start=\"24057\" data-end=\"24076\">Q = m \u00d7 Cp \u00d7 \u0394T<\/strong><\/p>\n<p dir=\"auto\" data-start=\"24078\" data-end=\"24088\"><strong>For water:<\/strong><\/p>\n<p dir=\"auto\" data-start=\"24090\" data-end=\"24128\"><strong data-start=\"24090\" data-end=\"24128\">Q(kW) \u2248 4.186 \u00d7 Flow(L\/s) \u00d7 \u0394T(\u00b0C)<\/strong><\/p>\n<p dir=\"auto\" data-start=\"24130\" data-end=\"24135\"><strong>Then:<\/strong><\/p>\n<p dir=\"auto\" data-start=\"24137\" data-end=\"24156\"><strong data-start=\"24137\" data-end=\"24156\">TR = kW \u00f7 3.517<\/strong><\/p>\n<hr data-start=\"24158\" data-end=\"24161\" \/>\n<h3 dir=\"auto\" data-section-id=\"14y3uzk\" data-start=\"24163\" data-end=\"24186\">How many kW is 1 TR?<\/h3>\n<p dir=\"auto\" data-start=\"24188\" data-end=\"24219\"><strong data-start=\"24188\" data-end=\"24219\">1 TR \u2248 3.517 kW of cooling.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p dir=\"auto\" data-start=\"24221\" data-end=\"24314\">This is cooling capacity, not electrical consumption.<\/p>\n<hr data-start=\"24316\" data-end=\"24319\" \/>\n<h3 dir=\"auto\" data-section-id=\"r3gun4\" data-start=\"24321\" data-end=\"24346\">How many TR is 100 kW?<\/h3>\n<p dir=\"auto\" data-start=\"24348\" data-end=\"24374\"><strong data-start=\"24348\" data-end=\"24374\">100 \u00f7 3.517 \u2248 28.4 TR.<\/strong><\/p>\n<hr data-start=\"24376\" data-end=\"24379\" \/>\n<h3 dir=\"auto\" data-section-id=\"l09njo\" data-start=\"24381\" data-end=\"24416\">How many kW is a 100 TR chiller?<\/h3>\n<p dir=\"auto\" data-start=\"24418\" data-end=\"24456\"><strong data-start=\"24418\" data-end=\"24456\">100 \u00d7 3.517 \u2248 351.7 kW of cooling.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p dir=\"auto\" data-start=\"24458\" data-end=\"24555\">The actual electrical input will be different and depends on efficiency and operating conditions.<\/p>\n<hr data-start=\"24557\" data-end=\"24560\" \/>\n<h3 dir=\"auto\" data-section-id=\"1ynwe4c\" data-start=\"24562\" data-end=\"24617\">How do I calculate chiller capacity from water flow?<\/h3>\n<p dir=\"auto\" data-start=\"24619\" data-end=\"24623\"><strong>Use:<\/strong><\/p>\n<p dir=\"auto\" data-start=\"24625\" data-end=\"24663\"><strong data-start=\"24625\" data-end=\"24663\">Q(kW) = 4.186 \u00d7 Flow(L\/s) \u00d7 \u0394T(\u00b0C)<\/strong><\/p>\n<p dir=\"auto\" data-start=\"24665\" data-end=\"24708\">Then convert kW to TR by dividing by 3.517.<\/p>\n<hr data-start=\"24710\" data-end=\"24713\" \/>\n<h3 dir=\"auto\" data-section-id=\"1cqkzte\" data-start=\"24715\" data-end=\"24755\">What is \u0394T in a chilled-water system?<\/h3>\n<p dir=\"auto\" data-start=\"24757\" data-end=\"24842\">\u0394T is the difference between chilled-water return temperature and supply temperature.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"auto\" data-start=\"24844\" data-end=\"24875\"><strong>For 7\u00b0C supply and 12\u00b0C return:<\/strong><\/p>\n<p dir=\"auto\" data-start=\"24877\" data-end=\"24890\"><strong data-start=\"24877\" data-end=\"24890\">\u0394T = 5\u00b0C.<\/strong><\/p>\n<hr data-start=\"24892\" data-end=\"24895\" \/>\n<h3 dir=\"auto\" data-section-id=\"1ablq64\" data-start=\"24897\" data-end=\"24948\">Can I calculate chiller size from building area?<\/h3>\n<p dir=\"auto\" data-start=\"24950\" data-end=\"25150\">Building area can be used for preliminary estimation, but it should <strong data-start=\"25018\" data-end=\"25071\">not be the sole basis for final chiller selection<\/strong>. Cooling load should be calculated from the building and operating conditions.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"auto\" data-start=\"25152\" data-end=\"25299\">VIPUL&#8217;s published chiller guidance specifically recommends cooling-load analysis before selecting capacity.<\/p>\n<hr data-start=\"25301\" data-end=\"25304\" \/>\n<h3 dir=\"auto\" data-section-id=\"h9l5jd\" data-start=\"25306\" data-end=\"25361\">How much safety factor should be added to a chiller?<\/h3>\n<p dir=\"auto\" data-start=\"25363\" data-end=\"25555\">There is no universal percentage that should automatically be added. The designer should consider load uncertainty, future expansion, redundancy, equipment availability and operating strategy.<\/p>\n<hr data-start=\"25557\" data-end=\"25560\" \/>\n<h3 dir=\"auto\" data-section-id=\"1ebo0f4\" data-start=\"25562\" data-end=\"25620\">Should I choose one large chiller or multiple chillers?<\/h3>\n<p dir=\"auto\" data-start=\"25622\" data-end=\"25636\"><strong>It depends on:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul data-start=\"25638\" data-end=\"25749\">\n<li data-section-id=\"pd6i5h\" data-start=\"25638\" data-end=\"25652\">Load profile<\/li>\n<li data-section-id=\"1qdc4wh\" data-start=\"25653\" data-end=\"25665\">Redundancy<\/li>\n<li data-section-id=\"1r4qe9t\" data-start=\"25666\" data-end=\"25687\">Part-load operation<\/li>\n<li data-section-id=\"whuiwl\" data-start=\"25688\" data-end=\"25701\">Maintenance<\/li>\n<li data-section-id=\"tnb2j\" data-start=\"25702\" data-end=\"25715\">Plant space<\/li>\n<li data-section-id=\"19dmf8h\" data-start=\"25716\" data-end=\"25730\">Capital cost<\/li>\n<li data-section-id=\"tue6b8\" data-start=\"25731\" data-end=\"25749\">Future expansion<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p dir=\"auto\" data-start=\"25751\" data-end=\"25837\">Multiple chillers can provide staging and redundancy benefits in appropriate projects.<\/p>\n<hr data-start=\"25839\" data-end=\"25842\" \/>\n<h3 dir=\"auto\" data-section-id=\"1a8wx3z\" data-start=\"25844\" data-end=\"25905\">Is chiller capacity the same as chiller power consumption?<\/h3>\n<p dir=\"auto\" data-start=\"25907\" data-end=\"25910\">No.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"auto\" data-start=\"25912\" data-end=\"25950\"><strong data-start=\"25912\" data-end=\"25950\">Chiller capacity = cooling output.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p dir=\"auto\" data-start=\"25952\" data-end=\"25993\"><strong data-start=\"25952\" data-end=\"25993\">Power consumption = electrical input.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p dir=\"auto\" data-start=\"25995\" data-end=\"26043\">These should never be treated as the same value.<\/p>\n<hr data-start=\"26045\" data-end=\"26048\" \/>\n<h2 dir=\"auto\" data-section-id=\"1r7krwp\" data-start=\"26050\" data-end=\"26068\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Final_Conclusion\"><\/span>Final Conclusion<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p dir=\"auto\" data-start=\"26070\" data-end=\"26182\"><strong data-start=\"26070\" data-end=\"26182\">Chiller capacity calculation should begin with the actual cooling load\u2014not simply the building&#8217;s floor area.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p dir=\"auto\" data-start=\"26184\" data-end=\"26215\"><strong>The fundamental calculation is:<\/strong><\/p>\n<h3 dir=\"auto\" data-section-id=\"mxy044\" data-start=\"26217\" data-end=\"26240\"><span role=\"text\"><strong data-start=\"26221\" data-end=\"26240\">Q = m \u00d7 Cp \u00d7 \u0394T<\/strong><\/span><\/h3>\n<p dir=\"auto\" data-start=\"26242\" data-end=\"26252\"><strong>For water:<\/strong><\/p>\n<h3 dir=\"auto\" data-section-id=\"o12o9i\" data-start=\"26254\" data-end=\"26296\"><span role=\"text\"><strong data-start=\"26258\" data-end=\"26296\">Q(kW) \u2248 4.186 \u00d7 Flow(L\/s) \u00d7 \u0394T(\u00b0C)<\/strong><\/span><\/h3>\n<p dir=\"auto\" data-start=\"26298\" data-end=\"26302\"><strong>And:<\/strong><\/p>\n<h3 dir=\"auto\" data-section-id=\"1n1emwb\" data-start=\"26304\" data-end=\"26327\"><span role=\"text\"><strong data-start=\"26308\" data-end=\"26327\">1 TR \u2248 3.517 kW<\/strong><\/span><\/h3>\n<p dir=\"auto\" data-start=\"26329\" data-end=\"26411\">But selecting the final chiller requires much more than a mathematical conversion.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"auto\" data-start=\"26413\" data-end=\"26447\"><strong>A complete design should evaluate:<\/strong><\/p>\n<p dir=\"auto\" data-start=\"26449\" data-end=\"26629\"><strong data-start=\"26449\" data-end=\"26629\">Cooling Load + Chilled-Water Flow + \u0394T + Operating Profile + Part-Load Performance + Chiller Type + Redundancy + Pumps + Cooling Tower + AHUs\/FCUs + Controls + Future Expansion<\/strong><\/p>\n<p dir=\"auto\" data-start=\"26631\" data-end=\"26660\"><strong>For industrial projects, add:<\/strong><\/p>\n<p dir=\"auto\" data-start=\"26662\" data-end=\"26754\"><strong data-start=\"26662\" data-end=\"26754\">Process Heat Load + Fluid Properties + Process Temperature + Flow Rate + Operating Hours<\/strong><\/p>\n<p dir=\"auto\" data-start=\"26756\" data-end=\"26937\">VIPUL HVAC Solution Pvt. Ltd. provides chiller design, selection, supply, installation, testing, commissioning, optimization and AMC for commercial and industrial HVAC applications.<\/p>\n<h3 dir=\"auto\" data-section-id=\"rq88tv\" data-start=\"26939\" data-end=\"26987\">Need help calculating your chiller capacity?<\/h3>\n<p dir=\"auto\" data-start=\"26989\" data-end=\"27097\"><strong data-start=\"26989\" data-end=\"27016\">\ud83d\udcde Call: +91 8000392000<\/strong><br data-start=\"27016\" data-end=\"27019\" \/><strong data-start=\"27019\" data-end=\"27058\">\ud83d\udce7 Email: <a class=\"decorated-link cursor-pointer\" rel=\"noopener\" data-start=\"27031\" data-end=\"27056\">info@vipulhvacsolution.in<\/a><\/strong><br data-start=\"27058\" data-end=\"27061\" \/><strong data-start=\"27061\" data-end=\"27097\">\ud83c\udf10 Website: <a href=\"https:\/\/vipulhvacsolution.in\/\">vipulhvacsolution.in<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n<hr data-start=\"27099\" data-end=\"27102\" \/>\n<h3 dir=\"auto\" data-section-id=\"je53b\" data-start=\"28502\" data-end=\"28532\">Recommended Links:<\/h3>\n<ul data-start=\"28585\" data-end=\"28903\">\n<li data-section-id=\"12shvvb\" data-start=\"28585\" data-end=\"28617\"><a href=\"https:\/\/vipulhvacsolution.in\/blog\/commercial-chiller-systems\/\"><strong data-start=\"28587\" data-end=\"28617\">Commercial Chiller Systems<\/strong><\/a><\/li>\n<li data-section-id=\"c2z5os\" data-start=\"28618\" data-end=\"28650\"><a href=\"https:\/\/vipulac.in\/industrial-chiller\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><strong data-start=\"28620\" data-end=\"28650\">Industrial Chiller Systems<\/strong><\/a><\/li>\n<li data-section-id=\"1kkc1pl\" data-start=\"28651\" data-end=\"28675\"><a href=\"https:\/\/vipulhvacsolution.in\/blog\/air-cooled-chiller\/\"><strong data-start=\"28653\" data-end=\"28675\">Air Cooled Chiller<\/strong><\/a><\/li>\n<li data-section-id=\"40ww12\" data-start=\"28676\" data-end=\"28702\"><a href=\"https:\/\/vipulhvacsolution.in\/blog\/water-cooled-chiller\/\"><strong data-start=\"28678\" data-end=\"28702\">Water Cooled Chiller<\/strong><\/a><\/li>\n<li data-section-id=\"ed4ne7\" data-start=\"28703\" data-end=\"28738\"><strong data-start=\"28705\" data-end=\"28738\">Chiller Installation Services<\/strong><\/li>\n<li data-section-id=\"m3ei09\" data-start=\"28739\" data-end=\"28770\"><strong data-start=\"28741\" data-end=\"28770\">Chiller Maintenance &amp; AMC<\/strong><\/li>\n<li data-section-id=\"1a1zxi4\" data-start=\"28771\" data-end=\"28824\"><strong data-start=\"28773\" data-end=\"28824\">Chiller System Supplier &amp; Contractor in Gujarat<\/strong><\/li>\n<li data-section-id=\"19lxot1\" data-start=\"28825\" data-end=\"28855\"><a href=\"https:\/\/vipulhvacsolution.in\/air-handling-units-ahu\/\"><strong data-start=\"28827\" data-end=\"28855\">Air Handling Units (AHU)<\/strong><\/a><\/li>\n<li data-section-id=\"1oa0jf0\" data-start=\"28856\" data-end=\"28882\"><a href=\"https:\/\/vipulhvacsolution.in\/fan-coil-units-fcu\/\"><strong data-start=\"28858\" data-end=\"28882\">Fan Coil Units (FCU)<\/strong><\/a><\/li>\n<li data-section-id=\"ivndei\" data-start=\"28883\" data-end=\"28903\"><strong data-start=\"28885\" data-end=\"28903\">VRF vs Chiller<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Chiller Capacity Calculation: Complete Guide to TR, kW, Flow &amp; Cooling Load Chiller capacity calculation is the process of determining how much cooling a chiller must provide to meet a building, process or industrial cooling load under the required operating conditions. The basic relationship is: Chiller Capacity (kW) = Chilled-Water Mass Flow (kg\/s) \u00d7 Specific [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":428,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[9],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-425","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-chiller-system"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/vipulhvacsolution.in\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/425","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/vipulhvacsolution.in\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/vipulhvacsolution.in\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/vipulhvacsolution.in\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/vipulhvacsolution.in\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=425"}],"version-history":[{"count":12,"href":"https:\/\/vipulhvacsolution.in\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/425\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":535,"href":"https:\/\/vipulhvacsolution.in\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/425\/revisions\/535"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/vipulhvacsolution.in\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/428"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/vipulhvacsolution.in\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=425"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/vipulhvacsolution.in\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=425"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/vipulhvacsolution.in\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=425"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}